PHS120o-homework5-1
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Exploring Physical Science – Homework 5
Name: Yasmine Reed
Date: 05/03/202
4
1. Describe the difference between lunar and solar eclipses.
A solar eclipse occurs when the Moon passes between the Sun and Earth, causing the Moon to cast a shadow on
Earth. A lunar eclipse occurs when Earth is between the Sun and the Moon, causing Earth to cast a shadow on the Moon.
2. Describe Ptolemy’s model of the universe.
Ptolemy placed the Earth at the centre of his geocentric model. Using the data he had, Ptolemy thought that the universe was a set of nested spheres surrounding the Earth. He believed that the Moon was orbiting on a sphere closest to the Earth, followed by Mercury, then Venus and then the Sun.
3. List Kepler’s Three Laws of Planetary Motion.
(1) planets move in elliptical orbits with the Sun as a focus, (2) a planet covers the same area of space in the same amount of time no matter where it is in its orbit, and (3) a planet's orbital period is proportional to the size of its orbit (its semi-major axis).
4. List the four types of reflecting telescopes.
(a) prime focus, (b) Newtonian focus, (c) Cassegrain focus, and (d) coudé focus.
5. List the eight planets in order from the Sun.
Mercury, Venus, Earth, Mars, Jupiter, Saturn, Uranus, and Neptune.
6. List and describe the four theories for the creation of the Moon.
Alternate theories suggested by scientists include: the moon broke away from the Earth (“Fission theory”) the moon formed elsewhere in the solar system and was captured by Earth's gravity (“Capture theory”) the Earth and moon formed from the protoplanetary disk at the same time (“Co-formation”)
7. Draw a comet and label its four main parts.
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8. List and describe the three types of meteoroids/asteroids.
iron meteorites: which are almost completely made of metal.
stony-iron meteorites: which have nearly equal amounts of metal and silicate crystals.
stony meteorites: which mostly have silicate minerals.
9. Draw the Sun and label the five major regions.
10. List the seven spectral classes and the color of star they represent.
There are seven main types of stars: O, B, A, F, G, K and M. The O stars are the bright, hot, blue stars and the M stars are the dimmer, cooler, red stars.
11. Draw the H-R diagram and label the seven major regions.
12. List and briefly describe the three types of nebulae.
emission, reflection, and dark nebulae. Emission nebulae emit light, reflection nebulae reflect nearby light, dark nebulae do neither, they are black against a starry sky.
13. List the three types of binary star systems.
visual, spectroscopic, and eclipsing.
14. List at least three differences between a Type I and a Type II supernova.
The key differences between Type Ia and Type II supernovae are their origins, processes, spectral characteristics, light curves, and outcomes. Type Ia supernovae result from the thermonuclear explosion of a white dwarf in a binary system, while Type II supernovae are caused by the core collapse of a massive star.
15. Draw the Milky Way and label its three main parts.
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16. List and briefly describe the two types of dark matter we discussed.
Dark matter is classified as "cold", "warm", or "hot" according to its velocity (more precisely, its free streaming length).
17. List the four main types of galaxies.
spiral galaxies, lenticular galaxies, elliptical galaxies, and irregular galaxies.
18. List three examples of standard candles.
spectrally classified stars on the stellar main sequences, certain types of variable stars, the relationship between a
galaxy's rotation speed and its luminosity, and type Ia supernovae
19. List and briefly describe the five epochs of the Radiation Era.
Planck, Grand Unified, Inflationary, Electroweak, Quark
20. List and briefly describe the three epochs of the Matter Era.
Planck: no matter is present, only energy is esixt and four forces of nature
Grand Unified: has Strong Nuclear, Weak, Electromagnetic
Quark: all the universe ingredients were present but the universe is too hot and dense for sub-
atomic to form