Anthro Quiz Review

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Toronto Metropolitan University *

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308

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Anthropology

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Oct 30, 2023

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Anthropology Quiz Physical Anthropology Studies evolution and genetic variations using the fossil method and modern genetic research Branches: Paleoanthropology, Human Variations, Primatology, Forensic Anthropology Homo Sapiens Means “Wise Man” they used wooden tools and weapons. They had a brain size of modern humans, had a vocal system similar to ours, grew their own food, and they may have developed a religion Homo Erectus Means “Upright Man” since they oldest known early humans to have a modern human-like properties. They were to walk and run. They were the first fire makers Homo Neanderthelansis Means “Neanderthal Man” and they are the closest to the human relatives. They made controlled fires, tools, lived in shelters, had clothing, and were skilled hunters. Had intelligent behaviours Homo Habilis Means “Handy Man” since they make tools. They were the earliest members of the Homo family. Found in Eastern and Southern Africa Linguistic Anthropology Study the history and structure of language, the way humans use language. Talks about how language is used, relationship between language and culture, and how Humans acquire language Archaeology Study the physical remains of culture through excavation (uncovering) and reconstruction Ethnology The study of the origins of culture and take notes on characteristics about culture and societies Primatology Study of primates. And primates are the group of animals that falls under Humans, Apes, Monkeys Race Is like the ethnic group and is the major divisions of humankind having distinctively di ff erent physical characteristics Palaeontology Studies bone and stone remains of the ancestors from millions of years ago Rites of Passage Rite of passage is an event/ceremony, often ritualized that marks an important stage in a person's life. Examples such as death, marriage, birth, puberty etc. Natural Selection Natural selection means that the species who could adapt to the new and changing environments, thrived, fit in, and were doing well Cultural Materialism Studies and explores the values, beliefs, and world views Cultural Anthropology Studies variations with focus to persuade that culture is an essential part of human nature Branches: Ethnology, Archaeology, Linguistic Anthropology, Historical Linguistics, Sociolinguistics, Structural Linguistics Cultural Relativism Is the rule to not judge anyone’s culture and understand/respect their cultural practices Ethnocentrism Is the likeliness to view others cultures from your own perspective Human Variation Studies the behaviours and anatomy’s of living primates and is the study of di ff erence and similarities of existing humans

Cultural Kinship The relationship between two people who commonly have family ties TRUE AND FALSE: Most Canadians trace their ancestry in a patrilineal way ——— False Almost all cultures of the world have the cultural institution of marriage ——— True Arranged marriages have 5 to 7 percent divorces rate in Canada and the U.S ——— True 1. What is Darwin’s theory of Natural Selection? (Survival of the Fittest) The theory of natural selection means that the species who could adapt the the new and changing environments, thrived, fit in, and were doing well. However, those who could not adapt and failed, died off. He noticed that there were similarities in the species from different parts of the world and this led him to believe that they evolved from the ancestors. He then wrote a book that explained 4 main theories that stated as: Organisms change over time, All organisms have descended and learnt from the common ancestors, Evolution is slow and gradual which causes it to take place over a long period of time, and Mechanisms of evolution are natural selections. The theory of natural selection also involves three principles which are: Variation, Heritability, and Environmental fitness. Variations refers to the many varieties that every specie has. The Heritability refers to the traits that individuals pass on to their offspring. The Environmental Fitness refers to the individuals who adapt to their environment and fit into it well, will produce more offspring and traits will be passed on to further generations. 2. Define and explain the di ff erence between Nature and Nurture Nature refers to the scientific reason behind someone’s acts. This means the genes. Nature has to do with your DNA and your genes that come from the parents. If you have issues with anger, it is most likely that one of your parents does as well which makes that specific gene relate to them. Your physical appearance as either a boy or girl has to do with genes as well. However, nature is your environment and your surroundings. If your parents are always abusing you, hurting you, yelling at you, and being completely disrespectful when it comes to the child, it will be likely that the child will grow up the same way because the environment changed his personality to adapt to what they were used to. 3. What factors influenced Bipedalism? Bipedal is the condition of being two-footed or walking/standing on two feet. The factors involved in this occurrence include using hands to carry things for when the Ardipithecus Ramidus started to switch from quadruples to being bipedal. The Australopithecus Anamnesis started to show more of the bipedal conditions when researchers noticed a human-like ankle joint and it showed regular bipedal walking. Carrying kids, reaching for higher heights, protection, and wanting to walk faster all factors in for why primates became Bipedal. 4. What are the factors that make us Human? (Physically and Culturally) Our culture, cognitive experiences, speech, body language, are very big factors in what makes us human. Explaining all of them, these make us human because: Culture - Things like the rights and roles of women have evolved, but things like the beliefs and religions play a part in making us human, the fashion industry represents us too. People are able to tell what personality you may have from the way you dress. Our music changes us and our environments, our education which makes us wiser and more intelligent, and our sexuality which shows our identity and defined show we are.

Cognitive Experiences - This psychologically tells us how we process information and how we solve problems which can show others how we handle situations and our reactions towards certain things Speech - How we talk to people shows a huge amount of who we are. For example, people who talk quietly are more shy and independent, while people who speak loud may be bold or enthusiastic. Body Language - Our facial expressions and gestures show a lot of who we are as well. Our postures and external behaviours show who we are. For example someone who does not make eye contact during talking and may look elsewhere shows they may not really care and decide to ignore the other person. The Father of Modern American Anthropology is Franz Boas Franz Boas, a pioneer of modern Anthropology in the early 20th century, promoted an idea of cultural relativism It states that anthropologists can not compare two cultures because each one has its own internal rules that must be accepted Everyone sees other cultures through the lens of their own The term was coined by American Yale professor, William Graham Sumner. - Franz Boas believed in the science of Anthropology and said “While individuals differ, biological differences between races are small.” - Predicting psychological or behavioural traits based on external appearance, had become unpopular both within and outside the discipline - The term “race started to die down and everyone started to use the term “population” - Races were defined as the change in genes while populations were the similarities between multiple people who have the same ethnicity, culture, or values. Charles Darwin was born in a house in Shrewsbury, United Kingdom on February 12, 1809 He died on April 19th 1882 Darwin Studied medicine at Edinburgh University 1828 - 1831 He embarked on a five year journey around the world on his H.M.S Beagle He was known as a Naturalist and Biologist who had a major influence on the theory of evolution that derived from his studies of specimens around the world. - From 1837, in London, England Darwin began to speculate about where species came from - This is a page from his Notebook B showing the first evolutionary tree diagram.

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