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Anthropology

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May 16, 2024

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HOMEWORK 4 Open the dataset entitled “Gorilla Data.sav”. This dataset involves a totally unethical experiment conducted by bored, resentful anthropologists to determine if alcohol consumption increases aggression in gorillas. In all, 20 Western Gorillas (Gorilla=0) and 20 Eastern Gorillas (Gorilla=1) were involved in this heinous experiment (Total N = 40). These 40 gorillas were randomly assigned to one of three groups. The first group of gorillas (Group = 0) received no alcoholic beverages. Thesecond group of gorillas (Group = 1) drank 1 alcoholic beverage. The third group of gorillas (Group= 2) drank 2 alcoholic beverages. Excited to finally have something interesting to observe, the anthropologists measured how many times the gorillas threw their feces at zoo patrons after the alcohol was consumed (n_feces). Then, unsatisfied by their results, the anthropologists conducted a second experiment using a within-subjects design. On day one, the researchers measured the number of times each gorilla assaulted a fellow gorilla at three separate time points (morning, noon,night). The next day, the researchers repeated the experiment, but this time the researchers gave the gorillas one alcoholic beverage prior to recording the number of assaults at each of the three time points (morningANDalc, noonANDalc,And nightANDalc) 1)After some initial hesitation (of course), you agree to analyze the anthropologists’ data. Their first research question involves whether the number of alcoholic beverages consumed affects the number of times the gorillas threw feces at zoo patrons. Conduct a Univariate ANOVA from the General Linear Model menu using Group as the IV or Factor, and n_feces as the DV. Under Options(or “EM Means” in SPSS version 25), get the Estimated Marginal Means for Group. Request a Tukey test for Group. Then, under Plots, request a plot of Group. Then, interpret the output. Describe which analysis you performed and why. Then, interpret the F value for the effect of Group (in APA style and in words), and the results of the Tukey test. Be sure to report group means when interpreting the Tukey test. ● A univariate one-way ANOVA was performed to determine whether the gorillas differed inthrowing feces depending on how many alcoholic beverages were consumed (0, 1, 2). The gorillas in Group 0 with no drink was (M=4.6), the gorillas in Group 1 with 1 alcoholic drink was (M=6.1) and the gorillas in Group 2 with 2 alcoholic drinks was (M=10.1). This indicates that the more alcoholic beverages consumed affects the number of times the gorillas threw feces at zoo patrons. The F-value was significant, F(2,37)= 14.309, p < .05 indicating that the group means differed. The amount of alcoholic drinks had an effect on the feces thrown. Post-hoc Tukey tests were performed to compare mean differences between pairs of groups. The results were that one of the Tukey tests was significant. The group of gorillas with no alcoholic drinks (M=4.6) were not significantly differed from the group of gorillas with 1 alcoholic drinks (M=6.1) but did significantly differ from the group of gorillas with 2 alcoholic drinks (M=10.1) Additionally, the group of gorillas with no alcoholic drinks did significantly differ from the group of gorillas with

2 alcoholic drinks. The gorillas with no drinks significantly did not throw feces at zoo patrons as many times as the gorillas with 2 alcoholic drinks. 2)The anthropologists were also interested in determining whether the relationship between alcohol consumption and feces throwing differed for Western and Eastern gorillas. In other words, did the effect of alcohol on fece-throwing seem stronger for Western or Eastern gorillas? Conduct a two-way ANOVA, estimating the main effect of Group, the main effect of Gorilla, and the interaction between Group and Gorilla (Group*Gorilla). Create profile plots (3 in total) of the effect of Group, the effect of Gorilla, and the interaction between Group and Gorilla. Report the results in APA style. Include in your write-up your interpretation of each of the three F values. Discuss which Group had the highest mean number of fece-tossing behavior, which type of Gorilla was more inclined to throw around feces, and finally whether the relationship between Group and fece throwing differed by type of Gorilla. ● A factorial ANOVA was performed to determine the effect of gorilla and group on feces throwing. The F-value for “gorilla” tests whether feces throwing differed depending on the gorilla type. There was a significant main effect for gorilla, F(1,34) = 157.117, p<. .001. Tukey tests revealed that Western gorillas (M= 5.143) threw feces significantly less than Eastern gorillas (M= 9.101). The degree of feces thrown at zoo patrons differed by type of Gorilla. An ANOVA was performed to determine the effect of type of gorilla and group and the number of feces thrown at zoo patrons. The F-value for “group” tests whether evilness differed depending on the number of drinks consumed. There was a significant main effect for group, F(2,34) = 133.380, p< .001. The number of drinks consumed had an effect on feces thrown at zoo patrons. An ANOVA was performed to determine the effect of the type of gorilla and group on feces thrown at zoo patrons. The F-value for the interaction (group*gorilla) tests whether the relationship between monkey type and evilness differed depending on the number of alcoholic beverages consumed. There was a significant interaction between group and gorilla, F(2,34) = 47.416, p< .001. The relationship between gorilla type and group differed depending on the number of drinks consumed. 3)The next research question posed by the anthropologists was whether the number of times the gorillas assaulted other gorillas changed over the course of the three time points (morning, noon,and night).Conduct a Repeated Measures ANOVA to test this hypothesis. Was there evidence of significant change across the 3 time points? Interpret the F value for the main effect of time. Interpretthe Pairwise Comparisons, including means at each time point. What does the plot tell you about the gorillas’ aggressive behavior at different times of day? ● A Repeated Measures ANOVA was conducted to determine if there were any differences in the frequency of gorilla assault at each of the three time points (morning, noon, and

night). The F-value was not statistically significant (F (2,78) = 1.882, p >.05), indicating that there was no difference in the frequency of gorilla assault at any of the three time points. These results indicate that there were no differences in gorilla assault at any of the three time points. ● In order to compare scores between attacks on various gorillas and time focuses, a pairwise analysis was conducted. According to the results, gorillas in the morning (M=4.6) were not significantly different from those in the afternoon (M=4.6), but they were different from those at night (4.125). This shows that while the number of gorilla- to-gorilla assaults decreased significantly at night, they did not change in the morning or at noon. 4)Finally, conduct a two-way Repeated Measures ANOVA to determine whether there is a main effect of alcohol, a main effect of time, and/or an interaction between alcohol and time. Make sure you interpret all three F values, and describe what is happening in the plot of the interaction. ● A two-way Repeated Measures ANOVA was conducted to see if the relationship between time and the amount of gorilla assaults differed after given an alcoholic beverage. There was not significant effect on alcoholic beverages, F (1,39) = 1.645, p=.207. Since p isn’t significant, gorillas weren’t significantly more violent if given an alcoholic beverage. ● A two-way Repeated Measures ANOVA was conducted to see if the relationship between time and the amount of gorilla assaults differed after given an alcoholic beverage. There was a significant effect on time, F(2,78)= 68.399, p=.001. Group 1 (M=5.575) was significantly different from group 2 (M=4.538).Group 1 was significantly different from group 3 (M=3.450). Group 2 was also significantly different from group 3. The number of times gorillas assaulted one another differed significantly at differentpoints of the day. ● A two-way Repeated Measures ANOVA was conducted to see if the relationship between time and the amount of gorilla assaults differed after given an alcoholic beverage. The interaction between alcohol and time was significant, F(2,78)= 51.056, p=.001. Because of the significance, the impact of giving the gorillas an alcoholic beverage on the amount of gorilla assaults, differed depending on whether the gorillas committed assault during morning, evening, or night

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