ST106 Wk 3

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Rockford Career College *

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ST106

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Anatomy

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Apr 3, 2024

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docx

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ST106 Wk 3 Trinity Green Matching: Anatomy Review Match the appropriate examples with the description. 1. Cancellous E. Spongy bone contains trabeculae—found in epiphysis and in center of flat bones 2. Cortical K. Hard bone—cortical found in diaphysis or shafts of long bones 3. Bursa N. Small sac lubricates for joint movement 4. Irregular bones B. Vertebrae, facial bones 5. Red bone marrow F. Produces RBCs, platelets, and WBCs 6. Short bones D. Carpal and tarsal bones 7. Flat bones A. Ribs, sternum, cranial bones 8. Yellow bone marrow M. Fat center of shaft in adults 9. Joint J. Articulation 10. Epiphyseal plate L. Area of active bone growth 11. Periosteum I. Covering of bone anchors tendons and ligaments; nourishes bone 12. Tendon C. Connects muscle to bone 13. Ligament G. Connects bone to bone 14. Sesamoid bone O. Found within tendons (i.e., patella, ball of foot) 15. Long bones H. Humerus, femur, tibia, and fibula Short Answer: Anatomy 1. Define hematopoietic tissue. Where can you find this type of tissue? Give rise to and house RBC’s, WBC’s, and platelets. The hematopoietic tissues arises from hematopoietic stem cells and include bone marrow, peripheral blood, and certain lymphoid tissue . 2. Identify two types of amphiarthrosis joints. Disk of cartilage that’s called the symphysis pubis which connects the pubic bones Cartilage that connects vertebrae 3. What is the alternate name for diarthrosis joints? synovial joints 4. Identify five types of diarthrosis joints and give an example of each. 1. Hinge ex. Elbow joint 2. Pivot ex. The joint that’s formed at the proximal end of the radius 3. Ball and Socket ex. Hip joint 4. Gliding ex. The carpals of the wrist joint 5. Saddle ex. The joint that’s formed by the trapezium of the wrist with the metacarpal of the thumb 5. Which sesamoid bone is found in the knee? the patella
Physiology Related to Surgery Matching: Directional Terms Common in Orthopedics Match the description with the appropriate term, using a dictionary or medical terminology textbook. 1. Abduction G. Toward the side; away from midline; 2. Adduction E. Bring toward the middle; toward the midline; medial 3. Flexion joint J. Any joint: decreasing a joint angle 4. Extension I. Any joint: straightening a joint 5. Pronate M. Turn downward (e.g., palm of hand) 6.Supinate H. Turn upward (e.g., palm of hand) 7. Distraction D. Pulling apart—separated 8. Distal C. Remote from point of origin or attachment 9. Proximal A. Nearest; near to point of attachment of origin 10. Dorsiflexion B. Specifically to bend foot upward at ankle 11. Plantar flexion N. Specifically to bend foot downward at toward sole 12. Anterior F. toward the front 13. Posterior L. toward the back 14. Internal rotation O. Point the toes or flex arm inward or rotate toward the midline 15. External rotation K. Turn or flex/rotate the toes or arm away from the midline back Fill in the Blank: Physiology Related to Surgery 1. The osteoclasts are stimulated by the parathyroid gland dissolve bone and release calcium into the vascular system for important functions such as the actions of muscle. 2. The hormone calcitonin from the thyroid gland activates osteoblasts to build more osteocytes when the calcium level is stable. 3. Why is exercise important for bone formation? bones are living tissue that change in responses to the forces placed upon it. When you do activities that put more stress on the bones it stimulates extra deposits of calcium nudge bone forming cells into actions. Therefore, when you exercise regularly, your bones adapt by building more bone and becoming denser. Lack of exercise can cause bones to lose calcium at a rapid rate than its replaced. Then bones become brittle and break easier. 4. Describe the five stages of osteogenesis. 1. Inflammation stage: which begins at the time of injury and lasts up to 2 days, fracture hematoma is formed. This blood clot serves as a foundation for the subsequent cellular proliferation stage. 2. Cellular Proliferation stage: begins on day 2, is when macrophages debride the area and then allow for the formation of a fibrin mesh to seal the approximated edges of the fractured site. This mesh serves as the foundation for capillary and fibroblastic ingrowth. Soft tissue/periosteal callus is also formed on the outer surface or cortex of the fractured bone by collagen producing osteoblasts and fibroblasts
3. Callus Formation stage: lasts 3-4 weeks. Soft tissue growth continues as the bone fragments grow toward one another to bridge the gap. Osteoblasts form a matrix of collagen which invades the periosteal callus, helps bridge fracture site and unite the 2 ends. Fibrous tissue, cartilage, and immature bone stabilize fracture site. 4. Ossification stage: 2 or 3 weeks after the injury, can last 3-4 months. Matrix of osteoblasts which are now called the osteoid, calcifies and firmly unites the bone. Bone can now accept mineral deposits. 5. Remodeling stage: maintenance stage of normal bone. New bones is organized to provide maximum support and function. Pathophysiology Related to Surgery Matching: Conditions Common in Orthopedic Surgery Match the description with the appropriate term, using your textbook or medical dictionary. 1. Bunion C. Bony growth (exostosis) medial aspect first toe 2. Hammer toe E. Also known as claw or mallet due to position of joints 3. Avascular necrosis D. Disruption of the blood supply due to trauma, disease, or medications 4. Genu valgum N. Knees close to the midline increasing the space between the ankles 5. Ganglion A. Tendon sheath cyst 6. Subluxation I. Partial dislocation of a joint 7. Sprain L. Stretched or torn ligament 8. Hallux M. Great toe 9. Strain G. Injury to muscle or tendon due to overstretching 10. Avulsion B. Tissue torn away from normal attachment(s) 11. Mice O. Locking or pain in joint due to loose particles 12. Coxa H. Hip 13. Valgus K. Turns outward away from midline (laterally) (foot, toes, or hip) 14. Varus J. Turns inward toward midline (foot, toes, or hip) 15. Talipes F. Foot Short Answer: Pathophysiology Related to Surgery 1. Using your medical dictionary or Internet research, describe the difference between Dupuytren’s and De Quervan’s conditions. De Quervan is a v ery painful condition that involves inflammation of the tendons in the thumb that are responsible for your thumb extending. Dupuytren condition involves an abnormal thickening of tissues in the palm of the hand . The thickened tissues may develop into a hard lump. Over time it can cause 1 or more fingers to contract or pull in toward the palm 2. What is ankylosis? Is an abnormal stiffness or fixation of a joint.
3. What is the difference between osteoarthritis, rheumatoid arthritis, and arthritis? osteoarthritis- degenerative disease of the joint, inflammation of the bone and joint Rheumatoid arthritis- chronic condition involving the connective tissue throughout the body but mainly the synovium of the joint Arthritis- inflammation of the joint 4. Describe osteomalacia. How does vitamin D help prevent osteomalacia? What is rickets? aka soft bone disease, metabolic bone disorder characterized by inadequate mineralization on bone tissue. This is causes by deficiency in Vit D, calcium, or phosphate which weakens and softens the bones. Vit. D help prevent this condition by promoting phosphorus and calcium in the blood for the mineralization of bone. Rickets is osteomalacia in children which causes bone deformity. 5. Describe nonunion, and provide two reasons why nonunion may occur. is when fractured bone ends don’t unite. This can be causes by presence of infection or movement of the fractured site 6. What is the cause of compartmental syndrome? Describe how compartmental syndrome is manifested. caused by increase of pressure within a closed space. Is manifested by the fracture ends on the bone causing excess pressure that then leads to neuro vascular compromise. Tissue viability may be affected as well as increase of risk of infection and permanent nerve damage could occur. Other causes could come from a cast being placed too tight or intercompartmental bleeding 7. What is the main complication of osteoporosis? Bone fractures, particularly in the hip or spine 8. What is a bucket handle tear? Describe the defect. Dual vertical fractures on the same side of the pelvis. Caused by direct force or anterior compression of the pelvis. The torn side resembles a bucket handle 9. An arthrography or arthrogram is an X-ray of what specific structure(s)? is an x-ray of a joint after injection of a contrast medium 10. What type of procedure can be useful in finding tumors and distinguishing between osteomyelitis and cellulitis? How is it done? Bone scans which provide a visual image of the bone after injection of technetium, which is a radioactive substance that’s picked up by the bone undergoing abnormal metabolic activity, this shows up as a dark area on the image.
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