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"Depreciation is the allocation of the cost of tangible assets, such as property plant, and equipment." (Wahlen, Jones, & Pagach, 2107). The purpose of depreciation is to expense apportion of an asset that relates to the revenue generated by that asset. The main reason why we must "expense a portion of the asset at a time reverts to the matching principle, where the revenue and expense appears on the income statement in the same period." (Bragg, 2023). If we don't use depreciation at all, then we would be forced to charge all assets to expenses soon as we buy them, which would result in a large loss in the months when assets a repurchased, followed by curiously high profitability in those periods when the equivalent amount of revenue
is recognized, with no offsetting expense. The only problem with this concept is how does one know how much revenue that asset is bringing in a certain period. This is where the factors of asset cost, service life (or useful life), residual value (or salvage value), and methods of cost allocation come into play. This is the first step in the process
of determining the amount to expense for depreciation. This cost is then spread throughout the useful life and a portion of the overall expense is reflected on the company's yearly financial statements. There are several ways to figure out what amount to expense in each time-period by selecting one of the cost allocation methods. For example, if you use the straight-line method, you must know the value of the asset, usually the amount you purchased the asset at. Let's say our asset value is $15,000. At the end of five years, I can sell this asset for $5,000, which is my salvage value. So, my straight-line depreciation expense would be ($15,000-
$5,000)/5 = $2,000. Through this method, the cost of the asset is spread equally across each period, throughout the life of the asset. One of the good things about the straight-line method is that it doesn't have to be the most accurate way to figure out depreciation. There are some tax perks to this method, and it is also the easiest to learn. Using this method, you can get the "tax deduction upfront by accelerating depreciation on the tax return," which can help you save more money this year. (Kennon, 2020). A dollar today is worth more than a dollar tomorrow, according to the time value of money.
The way that management recognizes devaluation is up to them exclusively. The income statement will look different depending on the method that is used. Due to this, "it is crucial for managers to make forecasts, assumptions, and estimates about depreciable assets that are faithful to representation" in order for financial statements to provide adequate and useful data. (Wahlen, Jones, & Pagach, 2017)
Resources
Bragg, S. (2023, March 18). The purpose of depreciation
. AccountingTools. https://www.accountingtools.com/articles/what-is-the-purpose-of-depreciation.html Kennon, J. (2020, April 13). Learn about straight line depreciation method on income statements
. The Balance. https://www.thebalancemoney.com/straight-line-depreciation-
method-357598
Wahlen, J. M., Jones, J. P., & Pagach, D. P. (2017). Intermediate accounting: Reporting and analysis. Mason, OH: South-Western Cengage Learning.
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