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CJ-120 PROJECT TWO Yaribel Lluverez SNHU CJ-120-Q3920 Paul Watkins 02/25/2024

Overpolicing Lack of cultural competence can result in the overpolicing of certain racial or ethnic groups. This bias can lead to increased surveillance, harassment, and targeting of individuals from marginalized communities. For example, the controversial stop-and-frisk implemented by NYPD. This policy allowed officers to stop, question, and frisk individuals based on suspicion of criminal activity, mostly targeted Blacks and Hispanics.

Militaritzation of police A lack of cultural competence can contribute to the militarization of police forces, where officers are equipped with military-grade weapons and gear. This can escalate tensions between law enforcement and communities, especially in areas with high minority populations. The use of excessive force, SWAT teams, and other aggressive tactics can further alienate communities and erode trust in law enforcement. For instance, the 2014 Ferguson Unrest.

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Field Decisions Cultural biases can influence field decisions made by police officers in their interactions with the public. Officers may make assumptions or judgments based on stereotypes or prejudices, leading to biased enforcement of laws and policies. For instance, the shooting of Laquan Mcdonald by Chicago police officer Jason Dyke in 2014. Dyke made a split-second decision to shoot McDonald, leading to widespread protests.

Other Issues in Policing Mental Illness : Cultural bias can impact how police officers respond to individuals with mental illness. Lack of understanding or training in mental health issues can lead to misinterpretations of behavior, resulting in use of force or escalation of situations. This can be particularly concerning for marginalized communities who may already face stigma and discrimination related to mental health. LGBTQ+: Police interactions with LGBTQ+ individuals can also be influenced by cultural biases and lack of understanding. LGBTQ+ individuals may face discrimination, harassment, or violence from law enforcement due to their sexual orientation or gender identity. In cases of hate crimes or domestic violence, LGBTQ+ individuals may be hesitant to seek help from police due to fear of further discrimination or mistreatment.

Discrepancies related to drug crime sentencing Sharanda Jones was sentenced to life without parole in 1999 for a nonviolent drug offense under the 1986 Anti-Drug Abuse Act. The Act established mandatory minimum sentences for drug offenses, disproportionately affecting individuals from marginalized communities like Jones. Despite playing a minor role in a drug conspiracy, Jones received a harsh sentence due to her limited involvement and lack of prior criminal record. Jones' case gained attention as an example of the racial disparities in drug crime sentencing, as she, an African American woman, received a severe punishment compared to others involved in the same offense. Despite her exemplary behavior in prison and rehabilitation efforts, Jones remained incarcerated for over 16 years before receiving clemency from President Obama in 2015. The case of Sharanda Jones highlights the impact of mandatory minimum sentencing laws on nonviolent offenders and the need for criminal justice reform to address systemic inequalities and promote fairer sentencing practices. It also underscores the importance of considering individual circumstances and rehabilitation efforts in determining appropriate sentences for nonviolent drug offenses.

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Bail The issue of bail affects courts by perpetuating disparities and contributing to systemic injustices within the legal system. Individuals who cannot afford bail are often forced to remain in pretrial detention, leading to a variety of negative consequences. This can result in defendants feeling pressured to accept plea deals to secure their release, even if they are innocent. As a result, the court system may be overwhelmed with cases that could have been resolved more fairly if individuals had the means to post bail. One example of how the issue of bail affects courts by perpetuating disparities and contributing to systemic injustices is the case of the Bail Project. The Bail Project is a nonprofit organization that provides bail assistance to low-income individuals who cannot afford to pay bail. Through their work, they have highlighted the impact of bail on court systems and individuals caught in the cycle of pretrial detention.

Discrepancies related to socioeconomic status Individuals who cannot afford cash bond or a good attorney due to their socioeconomic status often face significant challenges in court proceedings, which can impact dependents, particularly in cases involving Hispanics and Blacks. The inability to pay cash bond can result in pretrial detention, leading to negative consequences for the individual and their dependents. Additionally, the lack of access to quality legal representation can further exacerbate disparities in the legal system. In legislative action and lawsuits from New Jersey, Texas and California, advocates are passing new laws or hoping to codify legal rights that establish that people charged with misdemeanors shouldn’t be kept in jail only because they can’t afford bail. But there’s a simpler and faster way to end cash bail: Prosecutors can just stop asking for it (Tolan,2017). Bail is set by judges, but prosecutors have huge influence on the process.

Discrepancies related to death-penalty sentencing The color of a defendant and victim’s skin plays a crucial and unacceptable role in deciding who receives the death penalty in America (ACLU, 2003). In the Okmulgee Judicial District of Georgia, District Attorney Joseph Briley tried 33 capital cases between 1974 and 1994. Twenty-four of the cases were against black defendants. In cases in which the defendant was black and the victim was white, Briley used 96 out of his 103 jury challenges against African-Americans. This disparity underscores systemic biases and racism within the criminal justice system, leading to unequal treatment based on race. The research also highlighted the need for reforms to address racial disparities in death penalty sentencing and ensure fair and just outcomes for all individuals, regardless of their race or ethnicity.

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Other issues in sentencing In 2014, the case of Ky Peterson, a transgender man of color, gained national attention. Ky was convicted of voluntary manslaughter in Georgia after defending himself against a sexual assault. Ky had a history of mental illness, including post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) resulting from past trauma. During the trial, Ky's mental health history was not adequately considered, and his identity as a transgender man faced bias and discrimination in the legal proceedings. This lack of understanding and sensitivity to Ky's mental health needs and LGBTQ identity influenced the sentencing outcome, leading to a harsher punishment that did not fully consider the complexities of his situation. This case highlights the challenges that individuals like Ky face within the legal system, where mental health issues and LGBTQ identities can intersect and impact sentencing outcomes.

Geography and female prisons Geography can affect female prisons, as inmates may be isolated from their families and support systems. More over half (58%) of all women in U.S. prisons are mothers, as are 80% of women in jails, including many who are jailed awaiting trial because they cannot afford bail. Majority of these women are incarcerated for nonviolent offenses. Most are also primary caregivers for their children, thus punishing them with incarceration takes them away from a critical source of support. These figures do not include the number of women who will become mothers while incarcerated this year: Every year, an estimated 58,000 people enter municipal jails or prisons while pregnant. The closure of the Vermont Correctional Facility for Women in 2009 forced many female inmates to be housed in out-of-state facilities, leading to increased difficulties in maintaining connections with their loved ones.

Medical Issues In the case of Estelle V. Gamble (1976), the US Supreme Court ruled that deliberate indifference to serious medical needs of prisoners constitutes cruel and unusual punishment under the Eighth Amendment. This landmark decision established that inmates have a constitutional right to adequate medical care while incarcerated. Despite this, many prisoners are often ignored when seeking help. The case of Lucas Bellany, a man who died in a Minnesota jail in 2019 due to untreated stomach pain. Despite repeatedly pleading for medical attention, Lucas was ignored by jail staff, leading to his agonizing death. This incident highlights the consequences of failing to provide timely and appropriate medical care to individuals in custody, illustrating the potential violation of their constitutional rights.

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Lack of oversight in private prisons About 8% of the total incarcerated population is held in private prisons, which are not subject to the Freedom of Information Act, preventing public access to crucial reports and documents. Oversight of these private facilities falls under the Bureau of Justice, typically with only one or two individuals responsible for monitoring an entire state's private prisons. In some cases, local sheriffs oversee these private prisons if they have contracted with a private company to manage the county jail. Concerns about inmate mistreatment and substandard conditions have been raised, prompting the Obama administration to begin phasing out contracts with private companies in 2016. However, President Trump reversed this decision in 2019, leading to many of these facilities being repurposed as detention centers for undocumented immigrants.

Placement of transgender people Strawberry Hampton, a transgender woman incarcerated in a men's prison in Illinois, faced verbal and physical abuse from inmates and guards due to her gender identity. Despite requesting transfer to a women's facility for safety, she was denied and placed in solitary confinement, impacting her mental health. Denied access to hormone therapy and medical care, Strawberry's case illustrates the lack of understanding and appropriate policies for transgender inmates. Her experience highlights the urgent need for reforms in the criminal justice system to ensure the safety, dignity, and rights of transgender individuals in custody.

Male corrections officers in female prisons The issue of male corrections officers abusing their authority to harass or abuse female inmates is a troubling aspect of the criminal justice system. Instances have been reported where male officers use their power to engage in misconduct with female prisoners, leading to lawsuits and legal actions against them. These cases highlight the vulnerability of female inmates and the need for safeguards to protect them from such abuses. In response to the prevalence of sexual assault and abuse in prisons, the Prison Rape Elimination Act was passed in 2010. This legislation aimed to address and prevent sexual violence within correctional facilities, setting standards for reporting, investigating, and responding to incidents of sexual misconduct. The Act also established a national commission to develop guidelines and best practices for preventing prison rape. Despite these efforts, challenges remain in ensuring the safety and well-being of all inmates, especially vulnerable populations like female prisoners. Jason Middleton (2023) accused of sexually assaulting multiple female inmates under his supervision.

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Treatment of mentally Ill, disabled and pregnant individuals The treatment of mentally ill, disabled, and pregnant individuals in jails often raises concerns about discrimination and inadequate care within the criminal justice system. These vulnerable populations face unique challenges, including limited access to appropriate mental health services, discriminatory treatment, and lack of accommodations for their specific needs. According to the Bureau of Justice Statistics, the percentage of disabled individuals in jails is disproportionately high compared to the general population, with many facing neglect or abuse. An example is the case of Sandra Bland, a mentally ill woman who died in police custody in 2015, sparking national outrage over the treatment of individuals with mental health issues in jails. These cases underscore the urgent need for reforms to ensure the fair and humane treatment of all inmates, regardless of their mental health, disability, or pregnancy status. Pregnant women may encounter difficulties in receiving prenatal care and support during their incarceration. Additionally, disabled inmates often face barriers in accessing necessary accommodations and services.

Current demographic information related to diversity Diversity in the recruitment of criminal justice professionals is essential for a variety of reasons. One of the most important reasons is to guarantee that the criminal justice system reflects the variety of the communities it serves. This is important because a lack of diversity can result in cultural bias and discrimination in the criminal justice system, influencing how people are treated based on their race, ethnicity, gender, or other traits. . About 15% of federal law enforcement officers and 13% of supervisory law enforcement personnel were female. About 61% of federal law enforcement officers were white, 21% were Hispanic, and 10% were black

Gender equity • The 30x30 initiative aims to increase female police recruits to 30% by 2030. • Currently, women make up only 12% of sworn officers and 3% of police leadership in the United States. • Research has shown that female officers are often effective in de-escalating conflicts and building trust with communities. Gender equity is an important aspect of diversity in the criminal justice system. While women make up about half of the general population, they are underrepresented in law enforcement, corrections, and other criminal justice profession. And then there was the polar opposite individual that would say hey, no disrespect, but I feel like this is a man's job, that women should not be police officers," (Kott,2023) Increasing the recruitment of women in these fields can help create a more inclusive and balanced workforce, as well as bring diverse perspectives and approaches to addressing crime and community safety.

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The importance of mirroring society Mirroring society in the recruitment of criminal justice professionals is important for building trust and legitimacy in the system. When individuals see professionals who look like them and come from similar backgrounds, they are more likely to have confidence in the fairness and effectiveness of the criminal justice system. This can lead to greater cooperation with law enforcement, better relationships between communities and agencies, and ultimately, improved outcomes in terms of crime prevention and public safety.

References Akinnibi, F. (2023, February 14). NYPD Tactics Raise Concern of Return to ‘Stop and Frisk’ . Bloomberg. Retrieved February 25, 2024, from https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2023-02-14/nypd-stop-and-frisk-tactics-raise-concerns?embedded-checkout=true Shinkman, P. (2014, August 14). Ferguson and the Militarization of Police . US NEWS. Retrieved February 25, 2024, from https://www.usnews.com/news/articles/2014/08/14/ferguson-and-the-shocking-nature-of-us-police-militarization Corley, C. (2022, February 3). The officer who killed Laquan McDonald is free after three years. Activists are angry . NPR. Retrieved February 25, 2024, from https://www.npr.org/2022/02/03/1077574977/jason-van-dyke-chicago-police-released-laquan-mcdonald Bruer, W. (2016, September 2). From a life sentence to clemency from Obama . CNN. Retrieved February 25, 2024, from https://www.cnn.com/2016/09/01/politics/clemency-sharanda-jones/index.html (n.d.). Anti-Drug Abuse Act of 1986 . OJP. Retrieved February 25, 2024, from https://www.ojp.gov/ncjrs/virtual-library/abstracts/anti-drug-abuse-act-1986#:~:text=The%20U.S.%20House%20of%20Representatives%20and%20Senate%20passed,to% 20expand%20Federal%20support%20for%20drug%20treatment%20programs . Klein, G. C. (2018). On the Death of Sandra Bland: A Case of Anger and Indifference. SAGE Open, 8(1). https://doi.org/10.1177/2158244018754936 Lambert, J. (2019, March 29). Pregnant Behind Bars: What We Do And Don't Know About Pregnancy And Incarceration . NPR. Retrieved February 25, 2024, from https://www.npr.org/sections/health-shots/2019/03/21/705587775/pregnant-behind-bars-what-we-do-and-dont-know-about-pregnancy-and-incarceration (2023, June 6). Leadership Spotlight Women in Law Enforcement Today . LEB. Retrieved February 25, 2024, from https://leb.fbi.gov/spotlights/leadership-spotlight-women-in-law-enforcement-today (2023, March 21). Representation matters': 69 News sits down with Michelle Kott, Bethlehem's 1st female police chief . 69NEWS. Retrieved February 25, 2024, from https://www.wfmz.com/news/area/lehighvalley/representation-matters-69-news-sits-down-with-michelle-kott-bethlehems-1st-female-police-chief/article_7a7b2032-c81e- 11ed-8898-87cf3aae8288.html

References Tolan, C. (2017, March 29). Making Freedom Free . Slate. Retrieved February 25, 2024, from https://slate.com/news-and-politics/2017/03/poor-defendants-get-locked-up-because-they-cant-afford-cash-bail-heres-an-easy-fix.html (2023, February 26). Race and the Death Penalty . ACLU. Retrieved February 25, 2024, from https://www.aclu.org/documents/race-and-death-penalty (n.d.). Ky Peterson: Survived and Punished . BCRW. Retrieved February 25, 2024, from https://bcrw.barnard.edu/videos/ky-peterson-survived-and-punished/ Bertram, W. (2021, March 25). Prisons and jails will separate millions of mothers from their children in 2021 . Retrieved February 25, 2024, from https://www.prisonpolicy.org/blog/2021/05/05/mothers-day-2021/ (2024, January 23). He begged to go to the hospital; instead, was given antacid . KARE11. Retrieved February 25, 2024, from https://www.kare11.com/article/news/investigations/kare-11-investigates-lucas-bellamy/89-246d899f-8f0f-4481-aef9-9fbd7f14e1d1 (n.d.). Hampton v. Illinois Department of Corrections . Retrieved February 25, 2024, from https://www.macarthurjustice.org/case/hampton-v-idoc/ (2023, November 24). SUFFOLK COUNTY CORRECTIONS OFFICER ARRESTED FOR ALLEGEDLY ENGAGING IN SEXUAL ASSAULT OF AN INMATE . Retrieved February 25, 2024, from https://suffolkcountyny.gov/da/Newsroom/Press-Releases/suffolk-county-corrections-officer-arrested-for-allegedly-engaging-in-sexual-assault-of- an-inmate (2023, June 12). The 30x30 Initiative: The Positive Impacts of Women in Law Enforcement . Office Of Justice Programs. Retrieved February 25, 2024, from https://www.ojp.gov/files/archives/blogs/2023/30x30-initiative-positive-impacts-women-law-enforcement

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