Chapter 9, Problem 1E

In addition to the key words, you should also be able to define the following terms:

Within-subjects design

Repeated-measures design

Practice

Fatigue

Contrast effect

Complete counterbalancing

Partial counterbalancing

Latin square

Participant attrition

To determine

Explain how a matched-subjects design attempts to avoid the major problems with between-subjects experiments (individual difference) and the major problems within-subjects experiments (time-related factors).

Answer to Problem 1E

Solution:

• major problems with subject experiments.
• individual difference and the major problems.

Explanation of Solution

Major problems with subjects experiments:

Matched subjects design are often used in education, giving researchers a useful way to compare treatments huge and randomized groups.

Maturation:

Any maturation systematic changes in participants psychology that occur during maturation research study affect score are referred to as maturation. maturation effects are of particular concern when the research participants are young children or elderly adults. young children, for example, can gather new knowledge and skills or simply grow bigger and stronger in a relatively short time.

Instrumentation:

The term instrumentation can be used in a (sometimes called instrumental bias or instrumental decay)refers to change in a our measuring instruments that occur over time. for example, a scale used weight participants may gradually wear our during the study, not because of the different treatments but because of the change in the scale.

Statistical regression:

Statistical regression, or regression toward the mean, we refer can the tendency for extreme scores one any measurements to move the around the associate statistical regression score extremely high on a measure to the first testing are likely to score lower on the second testing and, conversely, individuals who score extremely low on a measure.

Order effects:

Order effects (practice, fatigue, and carry-over effects) whenever individuals are tested in a series of treatments conditions ,for example, becoming fatigued in one treatments may lead poorer performance.

Conclusion:

The solutions time-related to factors such as history, refer to maturation, Instrumentation, Statistical regression, order effects can be used in education Any maturation systematic changes in participants psychology that occur during maturation Statistical regression, or regression toward the mean Order effects (practice, fatigue, and carry-over effects).