Chapter 9, Problem 13PS

Please do in ruby only. Correct and detailed answer will upvoted else downvoted.   To learn as quickly as time permits the most recent news about their number one in a general sense new working framework, BolgenOS people group from Nizhni Tagil chose to foster a plan. As per this plan a local area part, who is quick to become familiar with the news, calls another part, the last mentioned, in his turn, calls some third part, etc; for example an individual with list I got an individual with list fi, to whom he needs to call, on the off chance that he learns the news. With time BolgenOS people group individuals comprehended that their plan doesn't work at times — there were situations when a few individuals didn't become familiar with the news by any stretch of the imagination. Presently they need to enhance the plan: they add into the plan a few directions of type (xi, yi), which imply that individual xi needs to call individual yi too. What is the base measure of guidelines that they…

Where do ADA's generic functions differ from ML's polymorphic ones?

Why are binding rules particularly important for languages with dynamic scoping?