E Essentials: Units, Measurement, And Problem Solving 1 Atoms 2 The Quantum-mechanical Model Of The Atom 3 Periodic Properties Of The Elements 4 Molecules And Compounds 5 Chemical Bonding 6 Chemical Bonding 7 Chemical Reactions And Chemical Quantities 8 Introduction To Solutions And Aqueous Reactions 9 Thermochemistry 10 Gases 11 Liquids, Solids, And Intermolecular Forces 12 Crystalline Solids And Modern Materials 13 Solutions 14 Chemical Kinetics 15 Chemical Equilibrium 16 Acids And Bases 17 Aqueous Ionic Equilibrium 18 Free Energy And Thermodynamics 19 Electrochemistry 20 Radioactivity And Nuclear Chemistry 21 Organic Chemistry 22 Transition Metals And Coordination Compounds expand_more
Chapter Questions expand_more
Problem 1E: What is thermochemistry? Why is it important? Problem 2E: What is energy? What is work? List some examples of each. Problem 3E Problem 4E: What is the law of conservation of energy? How does it relate to energy exchanges between a... Problem 5E: A friend claims to have constructed a machine that creates electricity but requires no energy input.... Problem 6E: What is a state function? List some examples of state functions. Problem 7E: What is internal energy? Is internal energy a state function? Problem 8E: If energy flows out of a chemical system and into the surroundings, what is the sign of Esystem ? Problem 9E: If the internal energy of the products of a reaction is higher than the internal energy of the... Problem 10E: What is heat? Explain the difference between heat and temperature. Problem 11E: How is the change in internal energy of a system related to heat and work? Problem 12E: Explain how the sum of heat and work can be a state function, even though heat and work are... Problem 13E: What is heat capacity? Explain the difference between heat capacity and specific heat capacity. Problem 14E: Explain how the high specific heat capacity of water can affect the weather in coastal regions. Problem 15E: If two objects, A and B, of different temperature come into direct contact, what is the relationship... Problem 16E: What is pressure-volume work? How is it calculated? Problem 17E: What is calorimetry? Explain the difference between a coffee-cup calorimeter and a bomb calorimeter.... Problem 18E: What is the change in enthalpy ( H) for a chemical reaction? How is H different from E? Problem 19E: Explain the difference between an exothermic and an endothermic reaction. Give the sign of H for... Problem 20E: From a molecular viewpoint where does the energy emitted in an exothermic chemical reaction come... Problem 21E: From a molecular viewpoint, where does the energy absorbed in an endothermic chemical reaction go?... Problem 22E: Is the change in enthalpy for a reaction an extensive property? Explain the relationship between H... Problem 23E: Explain how the value of H for a reaction changes upon multiplying the reaction by a factor... Problem 24E: What is Hess's law? Why is it useful? Problem 25E: What is a standard state? What is the standard enthalpy change for a reaction? Problem 26E: How can bond energies be used to estimate H for a reaction? Problem 27E: Explain the difference between exothermic and endothermic reactions in terms of the relative... Problem 28E: What is the standard enthalpy of formation for a compound? For a pure element in its standard state? Problem 29E: How do you calculate Hrxn from tabulated standard enthalpies of formation? Problem 30E: What is lattice energy? How does lattice energy depend on ion size? On ion charge? Problem 31E: Which statement is true of the internal energy of a system and its surroundings during an energy... Problem 32E: During an energy exchange, a chemical system absorbs energy from its surroundings. What is the sign... Problem 33E: Identify each energy exchange as primarily heat or work and determine the sign of E (positive or... Problem 34E: Identify each energy exchange as primarily heat or work and determine the sign of E (positive or... Problem 35E: A system releases 622 kJ of heat and does 105 kJ of work on the surroundings. What is the change in... Problem 36E: A system absorbs 196 kJ of heat, and the surroundings do 117 kJ of work on the system. What is the... Problem 37E: The gas in a piston (defined as the system) warms and absorbs 655 J of heat. The expansion performs... Problem 38E: The air in an inflated balloon (defined as the system) warms over a toaster and absorbs 115 J of... Problem 39E: A person packs two identical coolers for a picnic, placing twenty-four 12-ounce soft drinks and 5... Problem 40E: A kilogram of aluminum metal and a kilogram of water are each warmed to 75 °C and placed in two... Problem 41E: How much heat is required to warm 1.50 L of water from 25.0 °C to 100.0 °C? (Assume a density of... Problem 42E: How much heat is required to warm 1.50 kg of sand from 25.0 °C to 100.0 °C? Problem 43E: Suppose that 25 g of each substance is initially at 27.0 °C. What is the final temperature of each... Problem 44E: An unknown mass of each substance, initially at 23.0 °C, absorbs 1.95103J of heat. The final... Problem 45E: How much work (in J) is required to expand the volume of a pump from 0.0 L to 2.5 L against an... Problem 46E: The average human lung expands by about 0.50 L during each breath. If this expansion occurs against... Problem 47E: The air within a piston equipped with a cylinder absorbs 565 J of heat and expands from an initial... Problem 48E: A gas is compressed from an initial volume of 5.55 L to a final volume of 1.22 L by an external... Problem 49E: When 1 mol of a fuel burns at constant pressure, it produces 3452 kJ of heat and does 11 kJ of work.... Problem 50E: The change in internal energy for the combustion of 1.0 mol of octane at a pressure of 1.0 atm is... Problem 51E: Is each process exothermic or endothermic? Indicate the sign of H . a. natural gas burning on a... Problem 52E: Is each process exothermic or endothermic? Indicate the sign of H . dry ice evaporating a sparkler... Problem 53E: Consider the thermochemical equation for the combustion of acetone (C3H6O), the main ingredient in... Problem 54E: What mass of natural gas (CH4) must bum to emit 267 kJ of heat?... Problem 55E: Nitromethane (CH3NO2) burns in air to produce significant amounts of heat:... Problem 56E: Titanium reacts with iodine to form titanium (III) iodide, emitting heat:... Problem 57E: The propane fuel (C3H8) used in gas barbeques bums according to a thermochemical equation... Problem 58E: Charcoal is primarily carbon. Determine the mass of CO2 produced by burning enough carbon (in the... Problem 59E: We submerge a silver block, initially at 58.5 °C into 100.0 g of water at 24.8 °C in an insulated... Problem 60E: We submerge a 32.5-g iron rod, initially at 22.7 °C, into an unknown mass of water at 63.2 °C, in an... Problem 61E: We submerge a 31.1-g wafer of pure gold initially at 69.3 °C into 64.2 g of water at 27.8 °C in an... Problem 62E: We submerge a 2.85-g lead weight, initially at 10.3 °C, in 7.55 g of water at 52.3 °C in an... Problem 63E: Two substances, A and B, initially at different temperatures, come into contact and reach thermal... Problem 64E: A 2.74-g sample of a substance suspected of being pure gold is warmed to 72.1 °C and submerged into... Problem 65E: Exactly 1.5 g of a fuel burns under conditions of constant pressure and then again under conditions... Problem 66E: In order to obtain the largest possible amount of heat from a chemical reaction in which there is a... Problem 67E: When 0.514 g of biphenyl (C12H10) undergoes combustion in a bomb calorimeter; the temperature rises... Problem 68E: Mothballs are composed primarily of the hydrocarbon naphthalene (C10H8). When 1.025 g of naphthalene... Problem 69E: Zinc metal reacts with hydrochloric acid according to the balanced equation:... Problem 70E: Instant cold packs used to ice athletic injuries on the field contain ammonium nitrate and water... Problem 71E: For each generic reaction, determine the value of H2 in terms of H1 . a. A+B2CH12CA+BH2=? b.... Problem 72E: Consider the generic reaction: A+2BC+3DH=155kJ Determine the value of H for each related reaction:... Problem 73E: Calculate Hrxn for the reaction: Fe2O3(s)+3CO(g)2Fe(s)+3CO2(g) Use the following reactions and given... Problem 74E: Calculate Hrxn for the reaction: CaO(s)+CO2(g)CaCO3(g) Use the following reactions and given H... Problem 75E: Calculate Hrxn for the reaction: 5C(s)+6H2(g)C5H12(l) Use the following reactions and given H... Problem 76E: Calculate Hrxn for the reaction: CH4(g)+4Cl2(g)CCl4(g)+4HCl(g) Use the following reactions and given... Problem 77E: Hydrogenation reactions are used to add hydrogen across double bonds in hydrocarbons and other... Problem 78E: Ethanol is a possible fuel. Use average bond energies to calculate Hrxn for the combustion of... Problem 79E: Hydrogen, a potential future fuel, can be produced from carbon (from coal) and steam by this... Problem 80E: Hydroxyl radicals react with and eliminate many atmospheric pollutants. However, the hydroxyl... Problem 81E: Write an equation for the formation of each compound from its elements in their standard states, and... Problem 82E Problem 83E: S3. Hydrazine (N2H4) is a fuel used by some spacecraft. It is normally oxidized by N2O4 according to... Problem 84E Problem 85E Problem 86E Problem 87E Problem 88E Problem 89E: Top fuel dragsters and funny cars burn nitromethane as fuel according to the balanced combustion... Problem 90E Problem 91E Problem 92E: Rubidium iodide has a lattice energy of-617 kJ/mol, while potassium bromide has a lattice energy... Problem 93E Problem 94E Problem 95E: Use the Born-Haber cycle and data from Appendix IIB and Chapters 3 and 9 to calculate the lattice... Problem 96E Problem 97E: The kinetic energy of a rolling billiard ball is given by, K.E=12mv2 Suppose a 0.17-kg billiard ball... Problem 98E: A100-W light bulb is placed in a cylinder equipped with a moveable piston. The light bulb is turned... Problem 99E: Evaporating sweat cools the body because evaporation is an endothermic process:... Problem 100E: LP gas burns according to the exothermic reaction: C3H5(g)+5O2(g)3CO2(g)+4H2O(g)Hrxno=2044kJ What... Problem 101E: Use standard enthalpies of formation to calculate the standard change in enthalpy for the melting of... Problem 102E: Dry ice is solid carbon dioxide. Instead of melting, solid carbon dioxide sublimes according to the... Problem 103E: A 25.5-g aluminum block is warmed to 65.4 °C and plunged into an insulated beaker containing 55.2 g... Problem 104E: We mix 50.0 mL of ethanol (density = 0.789 g/mL) initially at 7.0 °C with 50.0 mL of water (density... Problem 105E Problem 106E Problem 107E: One tablespoon of peanut butter has a mass of 16 g. It is combusted in a calorimeter whose heat... Problem 108E Problem 109E Problem 110E: When we burn 10.00 g of phosphorus in O2 (g) to form P4O10 (s), we generate enough heat to raise the... Problem 111E: The H for the oxidation of S in the gas phase to SO3 (g) is-204 kJ/mol, and for the oxidation of SO2... Problem 112E: The Hfo of TiI3(s) is -328 kJ/mol; and the Ho for the reaction 2Ti(s)+3I2(g)2TiI3(s) is -839 kJ.... Problem 113E: A copper cube measuring 1.55 cm on edge and an aluminum cube measuring 1.62 cm on edge are both... Problem 114E: A pure gold ring and pure silver ring have a total mass of 149 g. We heat the two rings to 62.0 °C... Problem 115E: The reaction of Fe2O3(s) with Al(s) to form Al2O3(s) and Fe(s) is called the thermite reaction and... Problem 116E Problem 117E Problem 118E Problem 119E Problem 120E: Calculate the heat of atomization (see previous problem) of C2H3Cl, using the average bond energies... Problem 121E Problem 122E Problem 123E Problem 124E Problem 125E Problem 126E: Find H, E, q, and w for the freezing of water at -10.0 °C. The specific heat capacity of ice is... Problem 127E: The heat of vaporization of water at 373 K is 40.7 kJ/mol. Find q. w, E, and H for the evaporation... Problem 128E Problem 129E Problem 130E Problem 131E Problem 132E Problem 133E Problem 134E: Which expression describes the heat emitted in a chemical reaction when the reaction is carried out... Problem 135E Problem 136E Problem 137E Problem 138E Problem 139E Problem 140E: Which statement is true of a reaction in which V is positive? Explain a. H=E b. HE c. HE Problem 141E: Which statement is true of an endothermic reaction? Strong bonds break and weak bonds form. Weak... Problem 142E: When a firecracker explodes, energy is obviously released. The compounds in the firecracker can be... Problem 143E Problem 144E: Classify each process as endothermic or exothermic. What is the sign of AH for each process? Explain... Problem 145E: A propane tank on a home barbeque contains 10.4 x 103 g of propane. Write the balanced chemical... Problem 146E Problem 147E: Consider the decomposition of liquid hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) to form water and oxygen. What is the... Problem 148E Problem 1SAQ: A chemical system produces 155 kJ of heat and does 22 kJ of work. What is E for the surroundings?... Problem 2SAQ: Which sample is most likely to undergo the smallest change in temperature upon the absorption of 100... Problem 3SAQ Problem 4SAQ: A 12.5-g sample of granite initially at 82.0 C is immersed into 25.0 g of water that is initially at... Problem 5SAQ: A cylinder with a moving piston expands from an initial volume of 0.250 L against an external... Problem 6SAQ: When a 3.80-g sample of liquid octane (C8H18) burns in a bomb calorimeter, the temperature of the... Problem 7SAQ: Hydrogen gas reacts with oxygen to form water. 2H2(g)+O2(g)2H2O(g)H=$8722;483.5kJ Determine the... Problem 8SAQ: Manganese reacts with hydrochloric acid to produce manganese (II) chloride and hydrogen gas.... Problem 9SAQ: Consider the reactions: A2BH1A3CH2 What is H for the related generic reaction 2B3C ? H2H1 2(H1+H2)... Problem 10SAQ: Use standard enthalpies of formation to determine Hrxno for the reaction.... Problem 11SAQ Problem 12SAQ Problem 13SAQ Problem 14SAQ: Which set of compounds is arranged in order of increasing magnitude of lattice energy? NaClCsIMgS... Problem 15SAQ format_list_bulleted
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