Chapter 8, Problem 8.84P

(a)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

The condensed ground-state electron configuration of ${\text{Mo}}^{3+}$ is to be determined. Also whether the ions are paramagnetic or not is to be stated.

Concept introduction:

The electronic configuration tells about the distribution of electrons in various atomic orbitals. The condensed electronic configuration is a way to write the electronic configuration where the inner shell configurations are compressed to the nearest noble gas configuration and only the valence shell configuration is written in the expanded.

Paramagnetism is the property of materials due to which they are weakly attracted by an externally applied magnetic field. It arises due to the presence of unpaired electrons in the atoms so the atoms with incompletely filled atomic orbitals are paramagnetic. The unpaired electrons have magnetic dipole moment and therefore act as tiny magnets.

(b)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

The condensed ground-state electron configuration of ${\text{Au}}^{+}$ is to be determined. Also whether the ions are paramagnetic or not is to be stated.

Concept introduction:

The electronic configuration tells about the distribution of electrons in various atomic orbitals. The condensed electronic configuration is a way to write the electronic configuration where the inner shell configurations are compressed to the nearest noble gas configuration and only the valence shell configuration is written in the expanded.

Paramagnetism is the property of materials due to which they are weakly attracted by an externally applied magnetic field. It arises due to the presence of unpaired electrons in the atoms so the atoms with incompletely filled atomic orbitals are paramagnetic. The unpaired electrons have magnetic dipole moment and therefore act as tiny magnets.

(c)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

The condensed ground-state electron configuration of ${\text{Mn}}^{2+}$ is to be determined. Also whether the ions are paramagnetic or not is to be stated.

Concept introduction:

The electronic configuration tells about the distribution of electrons in various atomic orbitals. The condensed electronic configuration is a way to write the electronic configuration where the inner shell configurations are compressed to the nearest noble gas configuration and only the valence shell configuration is written in the expanded.

Paramagnetism is the property of materials due to which they are weakly attracted by an externally applied magnetic field. It arises due to the presence of unpaired electrons in the atoms so the atoms with incompletely filled atomic orbitals are paramagnetic. The unpaired electrons have magnetic dipole moment and therefore act as tiny magnets.

(d)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

The condensed ground-state electron configuration of ${\text{Hf}}^{2+}$ is to be determined. Also whether the ions are paramagnetic or not is to be stated.

Concept introduction:

The electronic configuration tells about the distribution of electrons in various atomic orbitals. The condensed electronic configuration is a way to write the electronic configuration where the inner shell configurations are compressed to the nearest noble gas configuration and only the valence shell configuration is written in the expanded.

Paramagnetism is the property of materials due to which they are weakly attracted by an externally applied magnetic field. It arises due to the presence of unpaired electrons in the atoms so the atoms with incompletely filled atomic orbitals are paramagnetic. The unpaired electrons have magnetic dipole moment and therefore act as tiny magnets.