Chapter 7.6, Problem 19CC

 (a)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

For the given set of substrates in ${\text{S}}_{\text{N}}\text{1}$ process should be determined whether they will require a proton transfer step at end of the reaction.

Concept Introduction:

${\text{S}}_{\text{N}}\text{1}$Reaction: it is a nucleophilic substitution reaction in which the rate determining step depends on one reactant. First step is the formation of more stable carbocation which is followed by the attack of nucleophile. Formation of more stable carbocation and the leaving group present in the substrate plays very important role in the reactivity of ${\text{S}}_{\text{N}}\text{1}$ reaction.

Carbocation: it is carbon ion that bears a positive charge on it.

Leaving group: it is a fragment that leaves substrate with a pair of electrons via heterolytic bond cleavage.

Nucleophile: donates pair of electrons to positively charged substrate resulting in the formation of chemical bond.

Proton-Transfer: It is a type of chemical reaction in which the protons gets transferred from the acid to the base. It is used to remove the positive charge present in the substrate due to presence of neutral nucleophile present in the substitution reaction.

 (b)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

For the given set of substrates in ${\text{S}}_{\text{N}}\text{1}$ process should be determined whether they will require a proton transfer step at end of the reaction.

Concept Introduction:

${\text{S}}_{\text{N}}\text{1}$Reaction: it is a nucleophilic substitution reaction in which the rate determining step depends on one reactant. First step is the formation of more stable carbocation which is followed by the attack of nucleophile. Formation of more stable carbocation and the leaving group present in the substrate plays very important role in the reactivity of ${\text{S}}_{\text{N}}\text{1}$ reaction.

Carbocation: it is carbon ion that bears a positive charge on it.

Leaving group: it is a fragment that leaves substrate with a pair of electrons via heterolytic bond cleavage.

Nucleophile: donates pair of electrons to positively charged substrate resulting in the formation of chemical bond.

Proton-Transfer: It is a type of chemical reaction in which the protons gets transferred from the acid to the base. It is used to remove the positive charge present in the substrate due to presence of neutral nucleophile present in the substitution reaction.

 (c)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

For the given set of substrates in ${\text{S}}_{\text{N}}\text{1}$ process should be determined whether they will require a proton transfer step at end of the reaction.

Concept Introduction:

${\text{S}}_{\text{N}}\text{1}$Reaction: it is a nucleophilic substitution reaction in which the rate determining step depends on one reactant. First step is the formation of more stable carbocation which is followed by the attack of nucleophile. Formation of more stable carbocation and the leaving group present in the substrate plays very important role in the reactivity of ${\text{S}}_{\text{N}}\text{1}$ reaction.

Carbocation: it is carbon ion that bears a positive charge on it.

Leaving group: it is a fragment that leaves substrate with a pair of electrons via heterolytic bond cleavage.

Nucleophile: donates pair of electrons to positively charged substrate resulting in the formation of chemical bond.

Proton-Transfer: It is a type of chemical reaction in which the protons gets transferred from the acid to the base. It is used to remove the positive charge present in the substrate due to presence of neutral nucleophile present in the substitution reaction.

 (d)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

For the given set of substrates in ${\text{S}}_{\text{N}}\text{1}$ process should be determined whether they will require a proton transfer step at end of the reaction.

Concept Introduction:

${\text{S}}_{\text{N}}\text{1}$Reaction: it is a nucleophilic substitution reaction in which the rate determining step depends on one reactant. First step is the formation of more stable carbocation which is followed by the attack of nucleophile. Formation of more stable carbocation and the leaving group present in the substrate plays very important role in the reactivity of ${\text{S}}_{\text{N}}\text{1}$ reaction.

Carbocation: it is carbon ion that bears a positive charge on it.

Leaving group: it is a fragment that leaves substrate with a pair of electrons via heterolytic bond cleavage.

Nucleophile: donates pair of electrons to positively charged substrate resulting in the formation of chemical bond.

Proton-Transfer: It is a type of chemical reaction in which the protons gets transferred from the acid to the base. It is used to remove the positive charge present in the substrate due to presence of neutral nucleophile present in the substitution reaction.

 (e)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

For the given set of substrates in ${\text{S}}_{\text{N}}\text{1}$ process should be determined whether they will require a proton transfer step at end of the reaction.

Concept Introduction:

${\text{S}}_{\text{N}}\text{1}$Reaction: it is a nucleophilic substitution reaction in which the rate determining step depends on one reactant. First step is the formation of more stable carbocation which is followed by the attack of nucleophile. Formation of more stable carbocation and the leaving group present in the substrate plays very important role in the reactivity of ${\text{S}}_{\text{N}}\text{1}$ reaction.

Carbocation: it is carbon ion that bears a positive charge on it.

Leaving group: it is a fragment that leaves substrate with a pair of electrons via heterolytic bond cleavage.

Nucleophile: donates pair of electrons to positively charged substrate resulting in the formation of chemical bond.

Proton-Transfer: It is a type of chemical reaction in which the protons gets transferred from the acid to the base. It is used to remove the positive charge present in the substrate due to presence of neutral nucleophile present in the substitution reaction.

 (f)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

For the given set of substrates in ${\text{S}}_{\text{N}}\text{1}$ process should be determined whether they will require a proton transfer step at end of the reaction.

Concept Introduction:

${\text{S}}_{\text{N}}\text{1}$Reaction: it is a nucleophilic substitution reaction in which the rate determining step depends on one reactant. First step is the formation of more stable carbocation which is followed by the attack of nucleophile. Formation of more stable carbocation and the leaving group present in the substrate plays very important role in the reactivity of ${\text{S}}_{\text{N}}\text{1}$ reaction.

Carbocation: it is carbon ion that bears a positive charge on it.

Leaving group: it is a fragment that leaves substrate with a pair of electrons via heterolytic bond cleavage.

Nucleophile: donates pair of electrons to positively charged substrate resulting in the formation of chemical bond.

Proton-Transfer: It is a type of chemical reaction in which the protons gets transferred from the acid to the base. It is used to remove the positive charge present in the substrate due to presence of neutral nucleophile present in the substitution reaction.

 (g)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

For the given set of substrates in ${\text{S}}_{\text{N}}\text{1}$ process should be determined whether they will require a proton transfer step at end of the reaction.

Concept Introduction:

${\text{S}}_{\text{N}}\text{1}$Reaction: it is a nucleophilic substitution reaction in which the rate determining step depends on one reactant. First step is the formation of more stable carbocation which is followed by the attack of nucleophile. Formation of more stable carbocation and the leaving group present in the substrate plays very important role in the reactivity of ${\text{S}}_{\text{N}}\text{1}$ reaction.

Carbocation: it is carbon ion that bears a positive charge on it.

Leaving group: it is a fragment that leaves substrate with a pair of electrons via heterolytic bond cleavage.

Nucleophile: donates pair of electrons to positively charged substrate resulting in the formation of chemical bond.

Proton-Transfer: It is a type of chemical reaction in which the protons gets transferred from the acid to the base. It is used to remove the positive charge present in the substrate due to presence of neutral nucleophile present in the substitution reaction.

 (h)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

For the given set of substrates in ${\text{S}}_{\text{N}}\text{1}$ process should be determined whether they will require a proton transfer step at end of the reaction.

Concept Introduction:

${\text{S}}_{\text{N}}\text{1}$Reaction: it is a nucleophilic substitution reaction in which the rate determining step depends on one reactant. First step is the formation of more stable carbocation which is followed by the attack of nucleophile. Formation of more stable carbocation and the leaving group present in the substrate plays very important role in the reactivity of ${\text{S}}_{\text{N}}\text{1}$ reaction.

Carbocation: it is carbon ion that bears a positive charge on it.

Leaving group: it is a fragment that leaves substrate with a pair of electrons via heterolytic bond cleavage.

Nucleophile: donates pair of electrons to positively charged substrate resulting in the formation of chemical bond.

Proton-Transfer: It is a type of chemical reaction in which the protons gets transferred from the acid to the base. It is used to remove the positive charge present in the substrate due to presence of neutral nucleophile present in the substitution reaction.

 (i)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

For the given set of substrates in ${\text{S}}_{\text{N}}\text{1}$ process should be determined whether they will require a proton transfer step at end of the reaction.

Concept Introduction:

${\text{S}}_{\text{N}}\text{1}$Reaction: it is a nucleophilic substitution reaction in which the rate determining step depends on one reactant. First step is the formation of more stable carbocation which is followed by the attack of nucleophile. Formation of more stable carbocation and the leaving group present in the substrate plays very important role in the reactivity of ${\text{S}}_{\text{N}}\text{1}$ reaction.

Carbocation: it is carbon ion that bears a positive charge on it.

Leaving group: it is a fragment that leaves substrate with a pair of electrons via heterolytic bond cleavage.

Nucleophile: donates pair of electrons to positively charged substrate resulting in the formation of chemical bond.

Proton-Transfer: It is a type of chemical reaction in which the protons gets transferred from the acid to the base. It is used to remove the positive charge present in the substrate due to presence of neutral nucleophile present in the substitution reaction.

 (j)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

For the given set of substrates in ${\text{S}}_{\text{N}}\text{1}$ process should be determined whether they will require a proton transfer step at end of the reaction.

Concept Introduction:

${\text{S}}_{\text{N}}\text{1}$Reaction: it is a nucleophilic substitution reaction in which the rate determining step depends on one reactant. First step is the formation of more stable carbocation which is followed by the attack of nucleophile. Formation of more stable carbocation and the leaving group present in the substrate plays very important role in the reactivity of ${\text{S}}_{\text{N}}\text{1}$ reaction.

Carbocation: it is carbon ion that bears a positive charge on it.

Leaving group: it is a fragment that leaves substrate with a pair of electrons via heterolytic bond cleavage.

Nucleophile: donates pair of electrons to positively charged substrate resulting in the formation of chemical bond.

Proton-Transfer: It is a type of chemical reaction in which the protons gets transferred from the acid to the base. It is used to remove the positive charge present in the substrate due to presence of neutral nucleophile present in the substitution reaction.

 (k)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

For the given set of substrates in ${\text{S}}_{\text{N}}\text{1}$ process should be determined whether they will require a proton transfer step at end of the reaction.

Concept Introduction:

${\text{S}}_{\text{N}}\text{1}$Reaction: it is a nucleophilic substitution reaction in which the rate determining step depends on one reactant. First step is the formation of more stable carbocation which is followed by the attack of nucleophile. Formation of more stable carbocation and the leaving group present in the substrate plays very important role in the reactivity of ${\text{S}}_{\text{N}}\text{1}$ reaction.

Carbocation: it is carbon ion that bears a positive charge on it.

Leaving group: it is a fragment that leaves substrate with a pair of electrons via heterolytic bond cleavage.

Nucleophile: donates pair of electrons to positively charged substrate resulting in the formation of chemical bond.

Proton-Transfer: It is a type of chemical reaction in which the protons gets transferred from the acid to the base. It is used to remove the positive charge present in the substrate due to presence of neutral nucleophile present in the substitution reaction.

 (l)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

For the given set of substrates in ${\text{S}}_{\text{N}}\text{1}$ process should be determined whether they will require a proton transfer step at end of the reaction.

Concept Introduction:

${\text{S}}_{\text{N}}\text{1}$Reaction: it is a nucleophilic substitution reaction in which the rate determining step depends on one reactant. First step is the formation of more stable carbocation which is followed by the attack of nucleophile. Formation of more stable carbocation and the leaving group present in the substrate plays very important role in the reactivity of ${\text{S}}_{\text{N}}\text{1}$ reaction.

Carbocation: it is carbon ion that bears a positive charge on it.

Leaving group: it is a fragment that leaves substrate with a pair of electrons via heterolytic bond cleavage.

Nucleophile: donates pair of electrons to positively charged substrate resulting in the formation of chemical bond.

Proton-Transfer: It is a type of chemical reaction in which the protons gets transferred from the acid to the base. It is used to remove the positive charge present in the substrate due to presence of neutral nucleophile present in the substitution reaction.