Scientists use the particular structure of nucleic acids and other chemical differences to separate the archaea from the bacteria. Can you think of other characteristics that could be used to distinguish not only between these two domains but also between them and protists?

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Answer 1

Textbook Question

Chapter 5, Problem 1CT

Scientists use the particular structure of nucleic acids and other chemical differences to separate the archaea from the bacteria. Can you think of other characteristics that could be used to distinguish not only between these two domains but also between them and protists?

Expert Solution & Answer

Summary Introduction

To determine: The characteristics that distinguish archaea, bacteria, and protists.

Introduction: Biology is the scientific study of life and related biological aspects. In taxonomy of biological hierarchy, there is highest taxonomic rank of organism in a three-domain classification of taxonomy given by Carl Woese. The three domains of the biological hierarchy are archaea, bacteria, and eukarya. Prokaryotes are usually unicellular including bacteria and archaea, while eukaryotes are usually multicellular including protists, fungi, plants, and animals.

Explanation of Solution

Tabular representation: The characteristics that distinguish between archaea, bacteria, and protists other than nucleic acid structure and chemical differences are shown in Table 1.

Table 1: The characteristics that distinguish between archaea, bacteria, and protists

Criteria	Archaea	Bacteria	Protists
Nuclear envelope	It is absent in archaea.	It is absent in bacteria.	It is present in protists.
Membrane-enclosed organelles	Membrane-enclosed organelles are absent in archaea.	Membrane-enclosed organelles are absent in bacteria	Membrane-enclosed organelles are present in protists.
Peptidoglycan in cell wall	Peptidoglycan is absent in archaea.	Peptidoglycan is present in bacteria.	Peptidoglycan is absent in protists.
Membrane lipids	Some branched hydrocarbons are present in archaea.	Unbranched hydrocarbons are present in the bacteria.	Unbranched hydrocarbons are present in protists.

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A sample of blood was taken from the above individual and prepared for haemoglobin analysis. However, when water was added the cells did not lyse and looked normal in size and shape. The technician suspected that they had may have made an error in the protocol – what is the most likely explanation? The cell membranes are more resistant than normal. An isotonic solution had been added instead of water. A solution of 0.1 M NaCl had been added instead of water. Not enough water had been added to the red blood cell pellet. The man had sickle-cell anaemia.

With reference to their absorption spectra of the oxy haemoglobin intact line) and deoxyhemoglobin (broken line) shown in Figure 2 below, how would you best explain the reason why there are differences in the major peaks of the spectra? Figure 2. SPECTRA OF OXYGENATED AND DEOXYGENATED HAEMOGLOBIN OBTAINED WITH THE RECORDING SPECTROPHOTOMETER 1.4 Abs < 0.8 06 0.4 400 420 440 460 480 500 520 540 560 580 600 nm 1. The difference in the spectra is due to a pH change in the deoxy-haemoglobin due to uptake of CO2- 2. There is more oxygen-carrying plasma in the oxy-haemoglobin sample. 3. The change in Mr due to oxygen binding causes the oxy haemoglobin to have a higher absorbance peak. 4. Oxy-haemoglobin is contaminated by carbaminohemoglobin, and therefore has a higher absorbance peak 5. Oxy-haemoglobin absorbs more light of blue wavelengths and less of red wavelengths than deoxy-haemoglobin

Answer 2

Textbook Question

Chapter 5, Problem 1CT

Scientists use the particular structure of nucleic acids and other chemical differences to separate the archaea from the bacteria. Can you think of other characteristics that could be used to distinguish not only between these two domains but also between them and protists?

Expert Solution & Answer

Summary Introduction

To determine: The characteristics that distinguish archaea, bacteria, and protists.

Introduction: Biology is the scientific study of life and related biological aspects. In taxonomy of biological hierarchy, there is highest taxonomic rank of organism in a three-domain classification of taxonomy given by Carl Woese. The three domains of the biological hierarchy are archaea, bacteria, and eukarya. Prokaryotes are usually unicellular including bacteria and archaea, while eukaryotes are usually multicellular including protists, fungi, plants, and animals.

Explanation of Solution

Tabular representation: The characteristics that distinguish between archaea, bacteria, and protists other than nucleic acid structure and chemical differences are shown in Table 1.

Table 1: The characteristics that distinguish between archaea, bacteria, and protists

Criteria	Archaea	Bacteria	Protists
Nuclear envelope	It is absent in archaea.	It is absent in bacteria.	It is present in protists.
Membrane-enclosed organelles	Membrane-enclosed organelles are absent in archaea.	Membrane-enclosed organelles are absent in bacteria	Membrane-enclosed organelles are present in protists.
Peptidoglycan in cell wall	Peptidoglycan is absent in archaea.	Peptidoglycan is present in bacteria.	Peptidoglycan is absent in protists.
Membrane lipids	Some branched hydrocarbons are present in archaea.	Unbranched hydrocarbons are present in the bacteria.	Unbranched hydrocarbons are present in protists.

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Answer 3

Textbook Question

Chapter 5, Problem 1CT

Scientists use the particular structure of nucleic acids and other chemical differences to separate the archaea from the bacteria. Can you think of other characteristics that could be used to distinguish not only between these two domains but also between them and protists?

Expert Solution & Answer

Summary Introduction

To determine: The characteristics that distinguish archaea, bacteria, and protists.

Introduction: Biology is the scientific study of life and related biological aspects. In taxonomy of biological hierarchy, there is highest taxonomic rank of organism in a three-domain classification of taxonomy given by Carl Woese. The three domains of the biological hierarchy are archaea, bacteria, and eukarya. Prokaryotes are usually unicellular including bacteria and archaea, while eukaryotes are usually multicellular including protists, fungi, plants, and animals.

Explanation of Solution

Tabular representation: The characteristics that distinguish between archaea, bacteria, and protists other than nucleic acid structure and chemical differences are shown in Table 1.

Table 1: The characteristics that distinguish between archaea, bacteria, and protists

Criteria	Archaea	Bacteria	Protists
Nuclear envelope	It is absent in archaea.	It is absent in bacteria.	It is present in protists.
Membrane-enclosed organelles	Membrane-enclosed organelles are absent in archaea.	Membrane-enclosed organelles are absent in bacteria	Membrane-enclosed organelles are present in protists.
Peptidoglycan in cell wall	Peptidoglycan is absent in archaea.	Peptidoglycan is present in bacteria.	Peptidoglycan is absent in protists.
Membrane lipids	Some branched hydrocarbons are present in archaea.	Unbranched hydrocarbons are present in the bacteria.	Unbranched hydrocarbons are present in protists.

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Answer 4

Textbook Question

Chapter 5, Problem 1CT

Scientists use the particular structure of nucleic acids and other chemical differences to separate the archaea from the bacteria. Can you think of other characteristics that could be used to distinguish not only between these two domains but also between them and protists?

Expert Solution & Answer

Summary Introduction

To determine: The characteristics that distinguish archaea, bacteria, and protists.

Introduction: Biology is the scientific study of life and related biological aspects. In taxonomy of biological hierarchy, there is highest taxonomic rank of organism in a three-domain classification of taxonomy given by Carl Woese. The three domains of the biological hierarchy are archaea, bacteria, and eukarya. Prokaryotes are usually unicellular including bacteria and archaea, while eukaryotes are usually multicellular including protists, fungi, plants, and animals.

Explanation of Solution

Tabular representation: The characteristics that distinguish between archaea, bacteria, and protists other than nucleic acid structure and chemical differences are shown in Table 1.

Table 1: The characteristics that distinguish between archaea, bacteria, and protists

Criteria	Archaea	Bacteria	Protists
Nuclear envelope	It is absent in archaea.	It is absent in bacteria.	It is present in protists.
Membrane-enclosed organelles	Membrane-enclosed organelles are absent in archaea.	Membrane-enclosed organelles are absent in bacteria	Membrane-enclosed organelles are present in protists.
Peptidoglycan in cell wall	Peptidoglycan is absent in archaea.	Peptidoglycan is present in bacteria.	Peptidoglycan is absent in protists.
Membrane lipids	Some branched hydrocarbons are present in archaea.	Unbranched hydrocarbons are present in the bacteria.	Unbranched hydrocarbons are present in protists.

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Answer 5

Textbook Question

Answer 6

Textbook Question

Answer 7

Expert Solution & Answer

Summary Introduction

To determine: The characteristics that distinguish archaea, bacteria, and protists.

Introduction: Biology is the scientific study of life and related biological aspects. In taxonomy of biological hierarchy, there is highest taxonomic rank of organism in a three-domain classification of taxonomy given by Carl Woese. The three domains of the biological hierarchy are archaea, bacteria, and eukarya. Prokaryotes are usually unicellular including bacteria and archaea, while eukaryotes are usually multicellular including protists, fungi, plants, and animals.

Explanation of Solution

Tabular representation: The characteristics that distinguish between archaea, bacteria, and protists other than nucleic acid structure and chemical differences are shown in Table 1.

Table 1: The characteristics that distinguish between archaea, bacteria, and protists

Criteria	Archaea	Bacteria	Protists
Nuclear envelope	It is absent in archaea.	It is absent in bacteria.	It is present in protists.
Membrane-enclosed organelles	Membrane-enclosed organelles are absent in archaea.	Membrane-enclosed organelles are absent in bacteria	Membrane-enclosed organelles are present in protists.
Peptidoglycan in cell wall	Peptidoglycan is absent in archaea.	Peptidoglycan is present in bacteria.	Peptidoglycan is absent in protists.
Membrane lipids	Some branched hydrocarbons are present in archaea.	Unbranched hydrocarbons are present in the bacteria.	Unbranched hydrocarbons are present in protists.

Answer 8

Expert Solution & Answer

Summary Introduction

To determine: The characteristics that distinguish archaea, bacteria, and protists.

Introduction: Biology is the scientific study of life and related biological aspects. In taxonomy of biological hierarchy, there is highest taxonomic rank of organism in a three-domain classification of taxonomy given by Carl Woese. The three domains of the biological hierarchy are archaea, bacteria, and eukarya. Prokaryotes are usually unicellular including bacteria and archaea, while eukaryotes are usually multicellular including protists, fungi, plants, and animals.

Explanation of Solution

Tabular representation: The characteristics that distinguish between archaea, bacteria, and protists other than nucleic acid structure and chemical differences are shown in Table 1.

Table 1: The characteristics that distinguish between archaea, bacteria, and protists

Criteria	Archaea	Bacteria	Protists
Nuclear envelope	It is absent in archaea.	It is absent in bacteria.	It is present in protists.
Membrane-enclosed organelles	Membrane-enclosed organelles are absent in archaea.	Membrane-enclosed organelles are absent in bacteria	Membrane-enclosed organelles are present in protists.
Peptidoglycan in cell wall	Peptidoglycan is absent in archaea.	Peptidoglycan is present in bacteria.	Peptidoglycan is absent in protists.
Membrane lipids	Some branched hydrocarbons are present in archaea.	Unbranched hydrocarbons are present in the bacteria.	Unbranched hydrocarbons are present in protists.

Answer 9

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Answer 10

Expert Solution & Answer

Answer 11

Summary Introduction

To determine: The characteristics that distinguish archaea, bacteria, and protists.

Introduction: Biology is the scientific study of life and related biological aspects. In taxonomy of biological hierarchy, there is highest taxonomic rank of organism in a three-domain classification of taxonomy given by Carl Woese. The three domains of the biological hierarchy are archaea, bacteria, and eukarya. Prokaryotes are usually unicellular including bacteria and archaea, while eukaryotes are usually multicellular including protists, fungi, plants, and animals.

Answer 12

Explanation of Solution

Tabular representation: The characteristics that distinguish between archaea, bacteria, and protists other than nucleic acid structure and chemical differences are shown in Table 1.

Table 1: The characteristics that distinguish between archaea, bacteria, and protists

Criteria	Archaea	Bacteria	Protists
Nuclear envelope	It is absent in archaea.	It is absent in bacteria.	It is present in protists.
Membrane-enclosed organelles	Membrane-enclosed organelles are absent in archaea.	Membrane-enclosed organelles are absent in bacteria	Membrane-enclosed organelles are present in protists.
Peptidoglycan in cell wall	Peptidoglycan is absent in archaea.	Peptidoglycan is present in bacteria.	Peptidoglycan is absent in protists.
Membrane lipids	Some branched hydrocarbons are present in archaea.	Unbranched hydrocarbons are present in the bacteria.	Unbranched hydrocarbons are present in protists.

Answer 13

Ch. 5 - Scientists use the particular structure of nucleic...Ch. 5 - What might be the adaptive significance of...Ch. 5 - An autotrophic protist, such as a diatom or a...

Scientists use the particular structure of nucleic acids and other chemical differences to separate the archaea from the bacteria. Can you think of other characteristics that could be used to distinguish not only between these two domains but also between them and protists?

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