Chapter 4.4, Problem 1E

a)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:Fractional distillation should be defined.

Concept introduction:Distillation is technique that is used to separate components of liquid mixture with help of selective boiling and condensation. This procedure either separates components partially or completely from mixture. It is one of physical processes to separate mixtures and not by chemical reactions.

b)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation: Head temperature should be defined.

Concept introduction:Conversion of substance from its liquid to vapor state is called boiling. Boiling point is temperature that has vapor pressure of liquid equal to pressure that is present around liquid.

c)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:Pot temperature should be defined.

Concept introduction:Conversion of substance from its liquid to vapor state is called boiling. Boiling point is temperature that has vapor pressure of liquid equal to pressure that is present around liquid.

d)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:Raoult’s law should be defined.

Concept introduction:Vapor pressure is known as pressure of vapor that exists in equilibrium with its liquid or solid state. In other words, it is equilibrium pressure of vapor over its liquid or solid state. It depends on temperature of system.

e)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:Ideal solution should be defined.

Concept introduction:Solution has two components. Out of these two components, one that is present in larger amount is called solvent while that present in smaller amount is known as solute.

f)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:Mole fraction should be defined.

Concept introduction:Concentration can be defined as ratio of amount of solute to that of solvent. Different concentration terms are used for determination of concentration in solution. Some of these are molarity, molality, mole fraction, mass percent and volume percent.

g)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:Height equivalent to theoretical plate should be defined.

Concept introduction:Fractional distillation is separation technique that separates various fractions of components in mixture. This process is based on vaporization of one or more fractions or parts of mixture. It is used to separate components of mixture that have difference in boiling points less than $25°\text{C}$ .

h)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:Temperature gradient should be defined.

Concept introduction:Fractional distillation is separation technique that separates various fractions of components in mixture. This process is based on vaporization of one or more fractions or parts of mixture. It is used to separate components of mixture that have difference in boiling points less than $25°\text{C}$ .

i)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:Dalton’s law should be defined.

Concept introduction:Vapor pressure is known as pressure of vapor that exists in equilibrium with its solid or liquid state. In other words, it is equilibrium pressure of vapor over its solid or liquid state. It depends on temperature of system.

j)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:Reflux ratio should be defined.

Concept introduction:Fractional distillation is separation technique that separates various fractions of components in mixture. This process is based on vaporization of one or more fractions or parts of mixture. It is used to separate components of mixture that have difference in boiling points less than $25°\text{C}$ .