Biology: Concepts and Investigations
5th Edition
ISBN: 9781260259049
Author: Hoefnagels
Publisher: MCG
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Chapter 4.2, Problem 1MC
What is
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Normal dive (for diving humans)
normal
breathing
dive
normal
breathing
Oz level
CO2 level
urgent need
to breathe
Oz blackout zone
high CO2 triggers breathing
6. This diagram shows rates of oxygen depletion and carbon dioxide accumulation in the blood in
relation to the levels needed to maintain consciousness and trigger the urgent need to breathe in
diving humans.
How might the location and slope of the O₂ line differ for diving marine mammals such as
whales and dolphins?
•
How might the location and slope of the CO₂ line differ for diving marine mammals such as
whales and dolphins?
•
•
Draw in predicted lines for O2 and CO2, based on your reasoning above.
How might the location of the Urgent Need to Breathe line and the O2 Blackout Zone line
differ for diving marine mammals?
What physiological mechanisms account for each of these differences, resulting in the ability
of marine mammals to stay submerged for long periods of time?
foraging/diet type
teeth
tongue
stomach
intestines
cecum
Insectivory
numerous, spiky, incisors procumbentExample: moleExample: shrew
--
simple
short
mostly lacking
Myrmecophagy
absent or reduced in numbers, peg-likeExample: tamandua anteater
extremely long
simple, often roughened
short
small or lacking
Terrestrial carnivory
sharp incisors; long, conical canines; often carnassial cheek teeth; may have crushing molarsExample: dog
--
simple
short
small
Aquatic carnivory
homodont, spiky, numerousExample: common dolphin
--
simple or multichambered (cetaceans only)
variable
small or absent
Sanguinivory
very sharp upper incisors; reduced cheek teethExample: vampire bat
grooved
tubular, highly extensible
long
small or lacking
Herbivory (except nectivores)
incisors robust or absent; canines reduced or absent; diastema; cheek teeth enlarged with complex occlusal surfacesExample: beaver
--
simple (hindgut fermenters) or multichambered (ruminants)
long
large
Filter feeding
none…
3. Shown below is the dental formula and digestive tract anatomy of three mammalian species
(A, B, and C). What kind of diet would you expect each species to have? Support your
answers with what you can infer from the dental formula and what you can see in the
diagram. Broadly speaking, what accounts for the differences?
Species A
3/3, 1/1, 4/4, 3/3
པར『ན་
cm 30
Species B
4/3, 1/1, 2/2, 4/4
cm 10
Species C
0/4, 0/0,3/3, 3/3
020
Chapter 4 Solutions
Biology: Concepts and Investigations
Ch. 4.1 - What are some examples of the work of a cell?Ch. 4.1 - Prob. 2MCCh. 4.1 - Prob. 3MCCh. 4.1 - Prob. 4MCCh. 4.2 - What is metabolism on a cellular level?Ch. 4.2 - Prob. 2MCCh. 4.2 - Prob. 3MCCh. 4.3 - What are the main parts of an ATP molecule?Ch. 4.3 - Prob. 2MCCh. 4.3 - Describe the relationships among endergonic...
Ch. 4.4 - Prob. 1MCCh. 4.4 - Prob. 2MCCh. 4.4 - Prob. 3MCCh. 4.4 - Prob. 4MCCh. 4.4 - List three conditions that influence enzyme...Ch. 4.5 - What is diffusion?Ch. 4.5 - What types of substances diffuse freely across a...Ch. 4.5 - Prob. 3MCCh. 4.5 - Prob. 4MCCh. 4.5 - Prob. 5MCCh. 4.5 - Prob. 6MCCh. 4.6 - How does a knifefish adjust its electric field?Ch. 4.6 - Prob. 2MCCh. 4 - Prob. 1MCQCh. 4 - Building proteins _____ energy; ATP hydrolysis...Ch. 4 - How does an enzyme affect the energy of a...Ch. 4 - Prob. 4MCQCh. 4 - Prob. 5MCQCh. 4 - Some people claim that lifes high degree of...Ch. 4 - List some examples of endergonic and exergonic...Ch. 4 - Why do electron transport chains release energy?Ch. 4 - Provide an example of an appliance that uses...Ch. 4 - Name at least four ways that a cell uses ATP.Ch. 4 - Use what you know about enzymes to propose an...Ch. 4 - Prob. 7WIOCh. 4 - Prob. 8WIOCh. 4 - Prob. 9WIOCh. 4 - Liver cells are packed with glucose. If the...Ch. 4 - Prob. 1PITCh. 4 - Prob. 2PITCh. 4 - Prob. 3PIT
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- 3. Shown below is the dental formula and digestive tract anatomy of three mammalian species (A, B, and C). What kind of diet would you expect each species to have? Support your answers with what you can infer from the dental formula and what you can see in the diagram. Broadly speaking, what accounts for the differences? Species A 3/3, 1/1, 4/4, 3/3 cm 30 Species B 0/4, 0/0, 3/3, 3/3 cm 10 Species C 4/3, 1/1, 2/2, 4/4 E 0 cm 20 AILarrow_forwardNormal dive (for diving humans) normal breathing dive normal breathing Oz level CO₂ level urgent need to breathe Oz blackout zone high CO₂ triggers breathing 6. This diagram shows rates of oxygen depletion and carbon dioxide accumulation in the blood in relation to the levels needed to maintain consciousness and trigger the urgent need to breathe in diving humans. • How might the location and slope of the O2 line differ for diving marine mammals such as whales and dolphins? • How might the location and slope of the CO2 line differ for diving marine mammals such as whales and dolphins? • • Draw in predicted lines for O2 and CO2, based on your reasoning above. How might the location of the Urgent Need to Breathe line and the O2 Blackout Zone line differ for diving marine mammals? What physiological mechanisms account for each of these differences, resulting in the ability of marine mammals to stay submerged for long periods of time?arrow_forwardHow much ATP will be produced during the following metabolic scenario: Aerobic respiration of a 5mM lipid solution that is made up of one glycerol and an 8-carbon fatty acid and 12-carbon fatty acid. Recall that when glycerol breaks down to Glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate it costs one ATP but your get an extra FADH2. Every two carbons of a fatty acid break down to one acetyl-CoA. Units cannot be entered in this style of question but the units of your answer should be in mM of ATP.arrow_forward
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