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Concept explainers
(a)
Interpretation:
The hybridization of carbon atom, total C-C σ bonds and π bonds with 1â—¦,2â—¦,3â—¦ and 4â—¦ carbon atoms should be determined.
Concept introduction:
Hybridization is the process of mixing of atomic orbitals to form same energy and same shape hybrid orbitals which form covalent bond with overlapping of atomic orbitals of other atoms. The number of
1â—¦ orPrimary C atom = C atom which is bonded with one another C atom
2â—¦ orSecondary C atom= C atom which is bonded with two other C atoms
3â—¦ orTertiary C atom= C atom which is bonded with three other C atoms
4â—¦ or Quaternary C atom= C atom which is bonded with four other C atoms
(b)
Interpretation:
The hybridization of carbon atom, total C-C σ bonds and π bonds with 1â—¦, 2â—¦,3â—¦ and 4â—¦ carbon atoms should be determined.
Concept introduction:
Hybridization is the process of mixing of atomic orbitals to form same energy and same shape hybrid orbitals which form covalent bond with overlapping of atomic orbitals of other atoms. The number of chemical bonds formed by the atom always determine type of hybridization. Sigma bonds could only form by hybrid orbitals whereas pi bonds are always formed by overlapping of un-hybrid orbitals hence hybridization is not part of pi bond formation.
1â—¦ or Primary C atom = C atom which is bonded with one another C atom
2â—¦ or Secondary C atom= C atom which is bonded with two other C atoms
3â—¦ or Tertiary C atom= C atom which is bonded with three other C atoms
4â—¦ or Quaternary C atom= C atom which is bonded with four other C atoms
(c)
Interpretation:
The hybridization of carbon atom, total C-C σ bonds and π bonds with 1â—¦, 2â—¦,3â—¦ and 4â—¦ carbon atoms should be determined.
Concept introduction:
Hybridization is the process of mixing of atomic orbitals to form same energy and same shape hybrid orbitals which form covalent bond with overlapping of atomic orbitals of other atoms. The number of chemical bonds formed by the atom always determine type of hybridization. Sigma bonds could only form by hybrid orbitals whereas pi bonds are always formed by overlapping of un-hybrid orbitals hence hybridization is not part of pi bond formation.
1â—¦ or Primary C atom = C atom which is bonded with one another C atom
2â—¦ or Secondary C atom= C atom which is bonded with two other C atoms
3â—¦ or Tertiary C atom= C atom which is bonded with three other C atoms
4â—¦ or Quaternary C atom= C atom which is bonded with four other C atoms
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Chapter 26 Solutions
General Chemistry: Principles and Modern Applications (11th Edition)
- Use the literature Ka value of the acetic acid, and the data below to answer these questions. Note: You will not use the experimental titration graphs to answer the questions that follow. Group #1: Buffer pH = 4.35 Group #2: Buffer pH = 4.70 Group #3: Buffer pH = 5.00 Group #4: Buffer pH = 5.30 Use the Henderson-Hasselbalch equation, the buffer pH provided and the literature pKa value of acetic acid to perform the following: a) calculate the ratios of [acetate]/[acetic acid] for each of the 4 groups buffer solutions above. b) using the calculated ratios, which group solution will provide the best optimal buffer (Hint: what [acetate]/[acetic acid] ratio value is expected for an optimal buffer?) c) explain your choicearrow_forwardHow would you prepare 1 liter of a 50 mM Phosphate buffer at pH 7.5 beginning with K3PO4 and 1 M HCl or 1 M NaOH? Please help and show calculations. Thank youarrow_forwardDraw the four most importantcontributing structures of the cation intermediate thatforms in the electrophilic chlorination of phenol,(C6H5OH) to form p-chlorophenol. Put a circle aroundthe best one. Can you please each step and also how you would approach a similar problem. Thank you!arrow_forward
- A 100mM lactic acid/lactate buffer was found to have a lactate to lactic acid ratio of 2 and a pH of 4.2. What is the pKa of lactic acid? Can you please help show the calculations?arrow_forwardUsing line angle formulas, draw thestructures of and name four alkanes that have total of 7carbons, one of which is tertiary.Please explain this in detail and can you also explain how to approach a similar problem like this as well?arrow_forwardUsing dashed line wedge projections drawthe indicated compounds and indicate whether thecompound you have drawn is R or S.(a) The two enantiomers of 2-chlorobutane. Can you please explain your steps and how you would approach a similar problem. Thank you!arrow_forward
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