Chapter 2.6, Problem 4ES

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7. [10 marks] Let G = (V,E) be a 3-connected graph. We prove that for every x, y, z Є V, there is a cycle in G on which x, y, and z all lie. (a) First prove that there are two internally disjoint xy-paths Po and P₁. (b) If z is on either Po or P₁, then combining Po and P₁ produces a cycle on which x, y, and z all lie. So assume that z is not on Po and not on P₁. Now prove that there are three paths Qo, Q1, and Q2 such that: ⚫each Qi starts at z; • each Qi ends at a vertex w; that is on Po or on P₁, where wo, w₁, and w₂ are distinct; the paths Qo, Q1, Q2 are disjoint from each other (except at the start vertex 2) and are disjoint from the paths Po and P₁ (except at the end vertices wo, W1, and w₂). (c) Use paths Po, P₁, Qo, Q1, and Q2 to prove that there is a cycle on which x, y, and z all lie. (To do this, notice that two of the w; must be on the same Pj.)

6. [10 marks] Let T be a tree with n ≥ 2 vertices and leaves. Let BL(T) denote the block graph of T. (a) How many vertices does BL(T) have? (b) How many edges does BL(T) have? Prove that your answers are correct.

4. [10 marks] Find both a matching of maximum size and a vertex cover of minimum size in the following bipartite graph. Prove that your answer is correct. ย ພ

5. [10 marks] Let G = (V,E) be a graph, and let X C V be a set of vertices. Prove that if |S||N(S)\X for every SCX, then G contains a matching M that matches every vertex of X (i.e., such that every x X is an end of an edge in M).

Q/show that 2" +4 has a removable discontinuity at Z=2i Z(≥2-21)

Refer to page 100 for problems on graph theory and linear algebra. Instructions: • Analyze the adjacency matrix of a given graph to find its eigenvalues and eigenvectors. • Interpret the eigenvalues in the context of graph properties like connectivity or clustering. Discuss applications of spectral graph theory in network analysis. Link: [https://drive.google.com/file/d/1wKSrun-GlxirS3IZ9qoHazb9tC440 AZF/view?usp=sharing]

Refer to page 110 for problems on optimization. Instructions: Given a loss function, analyze its critical points to identify minima and maxima. • Discuss the role of gradient descent in finding the optimal solution. . Compare convex and non-convex functions and their implications for optimization. Link: [https://drive.google.com/file/d/1wKSrun-GlxirS31Z9qo Hazb9tC440 AZF/view?usp=sharing]

Refer to page 140 for problems on infinite sets. Instructions: • Compare the cardinalities of given sets and classify them as finite, countable, or uncountable. • Prove or disprove the equivalence of two sets using bijections. • Discuss the implications of Cantor's theorem on real-world computation. Link: [https://drive.google.com/file/d/1wKSrun-GlxirS31Z9qoHazb9tC440 AZF/view?usp=sharing]