Chapter 19, Problem 19.138P

(a)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

Empirical formula of mercury (I) chloride has to be given.

Concept introduction:

Empirical formula:

Empirical formula is the formula giving the proportions of the elements present in a compound but this does not give the actual numbers or arrangements of the atoms of the respective molecule.

(b)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

Concentration of ${\text{Hg}}_2^{2+}$ has to be calculated in the saturated solution of Mercury (I) chloride.

Concept introduction:

Saturated solution:

Saturated solution is defined as a solution in which no more solute can be dissolved in the solvent. A solution is found to be saturated when on addition of solute it is precipitated instead of solving at normal temperature.

Solubility:

Solubility is defined as the maximum amount of the solute that can be dissolved in the solvent at equilibrium.

Solubility product constant:

Solubility product constant is defined for equilibrium between solids and its respective ions in the solution. Generally, solubility product refers only to insoluble or slightly soluble ionic substances that make equilibrium in water.

It defined as the product of concentration of ions of a sparingly soluble salt in its saturated solution at ${25}^{\text{o}}\text{C}$. The concentration terms are raised to the coefficients of their respective ions. It denoted as ${\text{K}}_{\text{sp}}$.

This value indicates the degree of dissociation of a compound in water. More the value of ${\text{K}}_{\text{sp}}$ more is the solubility of the compound.

Considering an equilibrium of salt ${\text{A}}_{\text{x}}{\text{B}}_{\text{y}}$ with its respective ions in solution and thus ${\text{K}}_{\text{sp}}$ is calculated.

  ${\text{A}}_{\text{x}}{\text{B}}_{\text{y}}\stackrel{}{\rightleftarrows }{\text{xA}}^{\text{y+}}+{\text{yB}}^{\text{x}}{}^{\text{-}}$

  ${\text{K}}_{\text{sp}}={\left[{\text{xA}}^{\text{y+}}\right]}^{\text{x}}{\left[{\text{yB}}^{\text{x-}}\right]}^{\text{y}}$

(c)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

The concentration of  ${\text{Hg}}_2^{2+}$ in seawater if is saturated with ${\text{Hg}}_2{\text{Cl}}_2$ has to be calculated.

Concept introduction:

Saturated solution:

Saturated solution is defined as a solution in which no more solute can be dissolved in the solvent. A solution is found to be saturated when on addition of solute it gets precipitated instead of solving at normal temperature.

Solubility:

Solubility is defined as the maximum amount of the solute that can be dissolved in the solvent at equilibrium.

Solubility product constant:

Solubility product constant is defined for equilibrium between solids and its respective ions in the solution. Generally, solubility product refers only to insoluble or slightly soluble ionic substances that make equilibrium in water.

It is defined as the product of concentration of ions of a sparingly soluble salt in its saturated solution at ${25}^{\text{o}}\text{C}$. The concentration terms are raised to the coefficients of their respective ions. It denoted by ${\text{K}}_{\text{sp}}$.

This value indicates the degree of dissociation of a compound in water. More the value of ${\text{K}}_{\text{sp}}$ more is the solubility of the compound.

Considering an equilibrium of salt ${\text{A}}_{\text{x}}{\text{B}}_{\text{y}}$ with its respective ions in solution and thus ${\text{K}}_{\text{sp}}$ is calculated.

  ${\text{A}}_{\text{x}}{\text{B}}_{\text{y}}\stackrel{}{\rightleftarrows }{\text{xA}}^{\text{y+}}+{\text{yB}}^{\text{x}}{}^{\text{-}}$

  ${\text{K}}_{\text{sp}}={\left[{\text{xA}}^{\text{y+}}\right]}^{\text{x}}{\left[{\text{yB}}^{\text{x-}}\right]}^{\text{y}}$

(d)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

The amount of ${\text{Hg}}_2{\text{Cl}}_2$ needed to saturate $\text{4900}{\text{km}}^{\text{3}}$ of pure water has to be calculated.

Concept introduction:

Saturated solution:

Saturated solution is defined as a solution in which no more solute can be dissolved in the solvent. A solution is found to be saturated when on addition of solute it gets precipitated instead of solving at normal temperature.

Solubility:

Solubility is defined as the maximum amount of the solute that can be dissolved in the solvent at equilibrium.

Solubility product constant:

Solubility product constant is defined for equilibrium between solids and its respective ions in the solution. Generally, solubility product refers only to insoluble or slightly soluble ionic substances that make equilibrium in water.

It is defined as the product of concentration of ions of a sparingly soluble salt in its saturated solution at ${25}^{\text{o}}\text{C}$. The concentration terms are raised to the coefficients of their respective ions. It is denoted by ${\text{K}}_{\text{sp}}$.

This value indicates the degree of dissociation of a compound in water. More the value of ${\text{K}}_{\text{sp}}$ more is the solubility of the compound.

Considering an equilibrium of salt ${\text{A}}_{\text{x}}{\text{B}}_{\text{y}}$ with its respective ions in solution and thus ${\text{K}}_{\text{sp}}$ is calculated.

  ${\text{A}}_{\text{x}}{\text{B}}_{\text{y}}\stackrel{}{\rightleftarrows }{\text{xA}}^{\text{y+}}+{\text{yB}}^{\text{x}}{}^{\text{-}}$

  ${\text{K}}_{\text{sp}}={\left[{\text{xA}}^{\text{y+}}\right]}^{\text{x}}{\left[{\text{yB}}^{\text{x-}}\right]}^{\text{y}}$

(e)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

Amount of ${\text{Hg}}_2{\text{Cl}}_2$ needed to saturate $\text{4900}{\text{km}}^{\text{3}}$ of seawater has to be calculated.

Concept introduction:

Saturated solution:

Saturated solution is defined as a solution in which no more solute can be dissolved in the solvent. A solution is found to be saturated when on addition of solute it gets precipitated instead of solving at normal temperature.

Solubility:

Solubility is defined as the maximum amount of the solute that can be dissolved in the solvent at equilibrium.

Solubility product constant:

Solubility product constant is defined for equilibrium between solids and its respective ions in the solution. Generally, solubility product refers only to insoluble or slightly soluble ionic substances that make equilibrium in water.

It is defined as the product of concentration of ions of a sparingly soluble salt in its saturated solution at ${25}^{\text{o}}\text{C}$. The concentration terms are raised to the coefficients of their respective ions. It is denoted by ${\text{K}}_{\text{sp}}$.

This value indicates the degree of dissociation of a compound in water. More the value ${\text{K}}_{\text{sp}}$ more is the solubility of the compound.

Considering an equilibrium of salt ${\text{A}}_{\text{x}}{\text{B}}_{\text{y}}$ with its respective ions in solution and thus ${\text{K}}_{\text{sp}}$ is calculated.

  ${\text{A}}_{\text{x}}{\text{B}}_{\text{y}}\stackrel{}{\rightleftarrows }{\text{xA}}^{\text{y+}}+{\text{yB}}^{\text{x}}{}^{\text{-}}$

  ${\text{K}}_{\text{sp}}={\left[{\text{xA}}^{\text{y+}}\right]}^{\text{x}}{\left[{\text{yB}}^{\text{x-}}\right]}^{\text{y}}$