Define each of the following: a. Arrhenius acid b. Bronsted–Lowry acid c. Lewis acid Which of the definitions is most general? Write reactions to justify your answer.
Define each of the following: a. Arrhenius acid b. Bronsted–Lowry acid c. Lewis acid Which of the definitions is most general? Write reactions to justify your answer.
Which of the definitions is most general? Write reactions to justify your answer.
Definition Definition Compound that can increase the concentration of H + ions when it is dissolved in water.
(a)
Expert Solution
Interpretation Introduction
Interpretation: The definition of each term, Arrhenius acid, Bronsted-Lowry acid and Lewis acid is to be given. The most general definition from these terms is to be identified and the reactions are to be given for the justification of answers.
Concept introduction: An acid is a substance that turns litmus to red. It has a sour taste.
Answer to Problem 1RQ
Arrhenius acid produces hydrogen ions in aqueous solution.
Explanation of Solution
To define: Arrhenius acid.
The substance that produces hydrogen ions in aqueous solution is known as Arrhenius acid.
Arrhenius postulated the concept of acid. According to him “The substance that produces hydrogen ions in aqueous solution is known as acid.”
(b)
Expert Solution
Interpretation Introduction
Interpretation: The definition of each term, Arrhenius acid, Bronsted-Lowry acid and Lewis acid is to be given. The most general definition from these terms is to be identified and the reactions are to be given for the justification of answers.
Concept introduction: An acid is a substance that turns litmus to red. It has a sour taste.
Answer to Problem 1RQ
Bronsted-Lowry acids are able to donate a proton.
Explanation of Solution
To define: Bronsted-Lowry acid.
The substance that can donate a proton
(H+) is known as Bronsted-Lowry acid.
Johannes Bronsted and Thomas Lowry proposed a model known as Bronsted-Lowry model. According to this model “The donor of proton
(H+) is known as acid whereas acceptor of proton is known as base.”
(c)
Expert Solution
Interpretation Introduction
Interpretation: The definition of each term, Arrhenius acid, Bronsted-Lowry acid and Lewis acid is to be given. The most general definition from these terms is to be identified and the reactions are to be given for the justification of answers.
Concept introduction: An acid is a substance that turns litmus to red. It has a sour taste.
Answer to Problem 1RQ
Lewis acids can accept a pair of electrons.
The most general definition of acid is given by Bronsted-Lowry model.
Explanation of Solution
To define: Lewis acid.
The chemical species that accepts a pair of non-bonding electrons is known as Lewis acid.
The Gilbert Newton Lewis suggested acid-base theory. According to this theory “The species that can accept a pair of non bonding electrons is known as acid.”
The most general definition of acid is given by Bronsted-Lowry model because this model is applicable to the non-aqueous solution also.
Arrhenius acid,
The substance that produces hydrogen ions in aqueous solution is known as Arrhenius acid.
The dissociation reaction of
HCl is,
HCl→H++Cl−
The compound
HCl is dissociated into
H+ ion. Hence, it is an acid.
Bronsted-Lowry acid,
The donor of proton
(H+) is known as acid.
The reaction of
HCl with water is,
HCl(g)+H2O(l)→H3O+(aq)+Cl−(aq)
Lowry acid,
The chemical compound that accepts a pair of non-bonding electrons is known as Lewis acid.
The compound
BF3 is electron deficient at central position,
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You are trying to decide if there is a single reagent you can add that will make the following synthesis possible without any other major side products:
xi
1. ☑
2. H₂O
хе
i
Draw the missing reagent X you think will make this synthesis work in the drawing area below.
If there is no reagent that will make your desired product in good yield or without complications, just check the box under the drawing area and leave it blank.
Click and drag to start drawing a
structure.
There is no reagent that will make this synthesis work without complications.
: ☐
S
☐
Predict the major products of this organic reaction:
H
OH
1. LiAlH4
2. H₂O
?
Note: be sure you use dash and wedge bonds when necessary, for example to distinguish between major products with different stereochemistry.
Click and drag to start drawing a
structure.
G
C
टे
For each reaction below, decide if the first stable organic product that forms in solution will create a new C-C bond, and check the appropriate box.
Next, for each reaction to which you answered "Yes" to in the table, draw this product in the drawing area below.
Note for advanced students: for this problem, don't worry if you think this product will continue to react under the current conditions - just focus on the first
stable product you expect to form in solution.
NH2
CI
MgCl
?
Will the first product that forms in this reaction
create a new CC bond?
Yes
No
MgBr
?
Will the first product that forms in this reaction
create a new CC bond?
Yes
No
G
टे
General, Organic, and Biological Chemistry - 4th edition
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