Microbiology Fundamentals: A Clinical Approach
3rd Edition
ISBN: 9781260163698
Author: Cowan
Publisher: MCG
expand_more
expand_more
format_list_bulleted
Question
Chapter 13, Problem 2Q
Summary Introduction
To determine:
Whether the nonspecific or the specific arms of the immune response evolved first in mammals.
Concept introduction:
The body mechanisms that protect against infections are innate defense and adaptive defense. Innate is a nonspecific type of defense which develops quickly. It provides general response regardless of pathogen type and exposure numbers. Adaptive defense is the precise mechanism (specific) that targets a specific pathogen. The response of the adaptive immunity is carried by the lymphocytes.
Expert Solution & Answer
Want to see the full answer?
Check out a sample textbook solution
Students have asked these similar questions
Sponges display nonspecific immunity. In an experiment, the cells of two different sponges were mixed and placed within a petri dish. The cells from each sponge sorted and arranged themselves together according to organism. What does this characteristic demonstrate?
A. Sponges have memory T-cells and share a more recent common ancestor with vertebrates than other invertebrates.
B. The experiment provides evidence for the speed of evolution and the use of specific immunity within the organism.
C. Sponges have an ability to recognize their own cells as a characteristic of acquired immunity.
D. Sharing genetic information from cell to cell is possible by means of receptors and protein-lined pits.
The enzymes Rag1 and Rag2 cut and rearrange DNA, producing millions of specific antibodies and T-cell receptors. Immunologists thought that the genes (Rag1 and Rag2) that encode these enzymes were found only in jawed vertebrates. However, investigators have found similar genes in the purple sea urchin. What does this finding suggest about the evolution of the adaptive immune system?
Complete the following analogy, based on the comparisons made in the reading:
"Why our flu vaccines can't keep up":
Birds : Storm : Flu virus :
Antigenic shift
O Evolution
Human immune response
O Mutation
Chapter 13 Solutions
Microbiology Fundamentals: A Clinical Approach
Ch. 13.1 - Prob. 1AYPCh. 13.1 - Compare the terms antigen, immunogen, and epitope.Ch. 13.1 - Prob. 3AYPCh. 13.1 - Prob. 4AYPCh. 13.1 - Describe the major histocompatibility complex in...Ch. 13.1 - Prob. 1NPCh. 13.2 - Prob. 6AYPCh. 13.2 - Prob. 7AYPCh. 13.2 - Prob. 8AYPCh. 13.2 - Prob. 9AYP
Ch. 13.2 - Prob. 1MMCh. 13.2 - Prob. 2MMCh. 13.3 - List characteristics of antigens that optimize...Ch. 13.3 - Prob. 11AYPCh. 13.3 - Prob. 12AYPCh. 13.3 - Prob. 2NPCh. 13.4 - Prob. 13AYPCh. 13.4 - Explain how naive T cells become sensitized to an...Ch. 13.4 - Prob. 15AYPCh. 13.5 - Diagram the steps in B-cell activation, including...Ch. 13.5 - Prob. 17AYPCh. 13.5 - Explain the various end results of antibody...Ch. 13.5 - Prob. 19AYPCh. 13.5 - Draw and label a graphwith time on the horizontal...Ch. 13.6 - Prob. 21AYPCh. 13.6 - Discuss the qualities of an effective vaccine.Ch. 13.6 - Name the two major categories of vaccines and then...Ch. 13.6 - Explain the principle of herd immunity and the...Ch. 13.6 - 3. Which characteristic is associated with passive...Ch. 13 - A single bacterium has _______ epitope(s). a. a...Ch. 13 - Prob. 2QCh. 13 - Provide an explanation to refute the following...Ch. 13 - The primary B-cell receptor is a. IgD. b. IgA. c....Ch. 13 - Name three antigen-presenting cells, and what...Ch. 13 - Major histocompatibility molecules are critical...Ch. 13 - In humans, B cells mature in the ___ and T cells...Ch. 13 - Explain how the memory response is the cornerstone...Ch. 13 - Conduct research on clonal deletion and write a...Ch. 13 - Which of the following cells is capable of...Ch. 13 - Is antibody diversity generated at the DNA or RNA...Ch. 13 - In order for gene rearrangement of antigen...Ch. 13 - Prob. 13QCh. 13 - Prob. 14QCh. 13 - Using the details of T-cell activation, suggest a...Ch. 13 - A vaccine that contains parts of viruses is called...Ch. 13 - Explain how herd immunity works to protect the...Ch. 13 - Prob. 18QCh. 13 - Prob. 19QCh. 13 - Chronic lymphocytic leukemia leads to the...Ch. 13 - Prob. 21QCh. 13 - Prob. 1VC
Knowledge Booster
Similar questions
- Vaccines work to protect us against future infections by a bacteria or virus we may not have even encountered yet. In the space below, describe how a vaccine can protect against a future infection by a particular virus. In your answer explain what the vaccine is made of, the effects on any cells of the adaptive immune system involved, and explain how this can protect against a future infection by that virus.arrow_forwardAn experiment tested the hypothesis that exposure to pesticides decreases immune function in tadpoles. The researchers raised tadpoles in groups, in containers of the same size in a room with consistent temperature and lighting. They exposed some tadpoles to no pesticides, some to low pesticide levels, and some to high pesticide levels, and then measured the density of white blood cells (immune cells) in the tadpoles. Part a: The researchers used a(n) ______________ experiment to show the effects of pesticides on tadpoles. Group of answer choices A. natural history B. laboratory C. field D. quantitative model E. observational part b: What is the dependent variable in this experiment? Group of answer choices A. consistent temperature B. density of white blood cells C. level of pesticides D. intensity of lighting E. number of tadpoles part c: The negative control treatment in the experiment was the: Group of answer choices A. tadpole group receiving no…arrow_forwardWhat does innate mean? How is the innate immune system different from the adaptive immune system? Compare the strategies of innate immunity with strategies of adaptive immunity. Give specific examples. How do vaccines protect us from diseases? Which cells in the immune system become activated after the injection? Your answer should be written as 2 or more paragraphs with a total word count of 400 or more.arrow_forward
- Question 1: List or draw an overview of the innate immune system listing all components. Question 2: List or draw an overview of the adaptive immune system listing all components.arrow_forwardAntibodies against a specific antigen can be injected into a person to provide passive immunity. For which reason is this NOT as effective as the process of vaccination with that antigen? Select one: a. Injection of antibodies may cause allergic reactions, while vaccination never causes allergic reactions. b. Injection of antibodies does not provide long-lasting immunity, and vaccination with antigens triggers a clonal selection of B cells and cytotoxic T cells. c. Vaccination with antigens triggers a clonal selection of B cells and cytotoxic T cells. d. Injection of antibodies does not provide long-lasting immunity. e. Injection of antibodies does not provide long-lasting immunity and may cause allergic reactions, while vaccination never causes allergic reactions.arrow_forwardQUESTION 2 Which statement best describes autoimmune diseases? A condition in which B and I cels trigger anaphylactic shock in response to an antigen A condition in which self molecules are treated as non-self A condition in which the adaptive immune system fails to recognize the second infection by the same pathogen A condition in which the immune system creates random antibodiesarrow_forward
- This term describes an antigen that is too small to be immunogenic, however it binds to proteins in the body to increase its size, allowing it to then be able to trigger an immune reaction: O 1) hapten O 2) alloantigen 3) superantigen O 4) epitopearrow_forwardFor some time there has been evidence that the Bacille Calmette-Guérin (BCG) vaccine provides protection not only against the target disease (Mycobacterium tuberculosis), but also enhances responses to other infections (such as Staphylococcus aureus and Candida albicans). Do you think the enhanced response to other infections, as described, is due to innate responses to the vaccine or adaptive responses? Explain your answer.arrow_forwardiSwers of possible answers after the due date. 1. Our book states that all animals have an innate immune system but only vertebrates have an adaptive immune response. Why do you think this might be? What selective advantage favored vertebrates but not invertebrates for having an adaptive immune response? Explain your reasoning. 2. Recall that Jean-Baptiste Lamarck was one of the first to study the idea of evolution systematically (p. 450 of our text) and proposed the idea of inheritance by acquired characteristics, where individuals develop phenotypes in response to environmental changes. Could it not be claimed that Lamarck was correct in his thinking with regards to our immune system? Provide one example where our immune system supports his acquired characteristics idea and one reason that it does not. 3. Africa Sleeping Sickness is caused by a single celled parasite, Trypanosoma, that infects our blood cells and liver. This parasite has proven difficult to immunize people against…arrow_forward
- Immune systems of animals are very complex. For an animal's immune system to work properly, certain cells must be able to recognize other specific types of cells, so that they can bind to and communicate with them. These types of interactions allow an immune system to decide if and when to launch an immune response. For example, dendritic cells must be able to recognize and interact with T-cells, but they do not need to recognize adipocyte cells. Which of the following describes a difference between T-cells and adipocyte cells that would allow dendritic cells to recognize one, but not the other? A. Adipocyte cells must have a cell wall, while T-cells lack one. B. T-cells and adipocyte cells must have different types of lipids that compose their plasma membranes. C. Adipocyte cells must lack endoplasmic reticulum, while T-cells possess endoplasmic reticulum. D. T-cells and adipocyte cells must have some differences in the carbohydrates and/or…arrow_forwardWe talked in one of our first lectures about how we began to understand the potentiation of an action potential down an axon by stimulating and recording electrical changes in a giant squid neuron. Which neuroscience method enabled that discovery? Immunohistochemistry Electrophysiology Transgenic mouse lines Chemogeneticsarrow_forwardA vaccination is developed for a novel viral infection, and the antigen used corresponds to a short stretch of a protein found on the surface of the virus. In clinical trials, people who were exposed to the virus a second time had superior immunity to people who were given the vaccine then exposed to the virus for the first time. What is the BEST explanation for this difference? The vaccination promoted the production of all memory B cells whereas natural infection promoted the proliferation of only those memory B cells specific to the virus. The vaccination promoted the production of the correct memory B cells whereas natural infection did not. People exposed to the virus were able to make many different antibodies that bind different antigens on the virus. Vaccinations promote selection of memory B cells, whereas a natural infection triggers production of cytotoxic B cells.arrow_forward
arrow_back_ios
SEE MORE QUESTIONS
arrow_forward_ios
Recommended textbooks for you
Human Anatomy & Physiology (11th Edition)BiologyISBN:9780134580999Author:Elaine N. Marieb, Katja N. HoehnPublisher:PEARSON
Biology 2eBiologyISBN:9781947172517Author:Matthew Douglas, Jung Choi, Mary Ann ClarkPublisher:OpenStax
Anatomy & PhysiologyBiologyISBN:9781259398629Author:McKinley, Michael P., O'loughlin, Valerie Dean, Bidle, Theresa StouterPublisher:Mcgraw Hill Education,
Molecular Biology of the Cell (Sixth Edition)BiologyISBN:9780815344322Author:Bruce Alberts, Alexander D. Johnson, Julian Lewis, David Morgan, Martin Raff, Keith Roberts, Peter WalterPublisher:W. W. Norton & Company
Laboratory Manual For Human Anatomy & PhysiologyBiologyISBN:9781260159363Author:Martin, Terry R., Prentice-craver, CynthiaPublisher:McGraw-Hill Publishing Co.
Inquiry Into Life (16th Edition)BiologyISBN:9781260231700Author:Sylvia S. Mader, Michael WindelspechtPublisher:McGraw Hill Education
Human Anatomy & Physiology (11th Edition)
Biology
ISBN:9780134580999
Author:Elaine N. Marieb, Katja N. Hoehn
Publisher:PEARSON
Biology 2e
Biology
ISBN:9781947172517
Author:Matthew Douglas, Jung Choi, Mary Ann Clark
Publisher:OpenStax
Anatomy & Physiology
Biology
ISBN:9781259398629
Author:McKinley, Michael P., O'loughlin, Valerie Dean, Bidle, Theresa Stouter
Publisher:Mcgraw Hill Education,
Molecular Biology of the Cell (Sixth Edition)
Biology
ISBN:9780815344322
Author:Bruce Alberts, Alexander D. Johnson, Julian Lewis, David Morgan, Martin Raff, Keith Roberts, Peter Walter
Publisher:W. W. Norton & Company
Laboratory Manual For Human Anatomy & Physiology
Biology
ISBN:9781260159363
Author:Martin, Terry R., Prentice-craver, Cynthia
Publisher:McGraw-Hill Publishing Co.
Inquiry Into Life (16th Edition)
Biology
ISBN:9781260231700
Author:Sylvia S. Mader, Michael Windelspecht
Publisher:McGraw Hill Education