Chapter 11, Problem 2CA

Should fertility clinics be required to disclose all the risks of ART to couples seeking fertility treatments? Are state and/or federal laws the best way to achieve this?

________ Although the incidence of neural tube defects in the United States declined post-folic acid fortification, some women are still at risk. Which of the following options represents a risk group for inadequate folate status and a neural tube defect affected pregnancy? a. Non-Hispanic Black women b. Non-Hispanic White women c. Asian Americans d. Hispanic Americans

_____ production is continuous from puberty onward in males; _____ production is cyclic and intermittent in females. a. Egg; sperm b. Sperm; egg c. Testosterone; sperm d. Estrogen; egg

Which of the following consists of both fetal and maternal tissues? (a) umbilical cord (b) placenta (c) amnion (d) allantois (e) yolk sac

Which female organ has an endometrial lining that will support a developing baby? a. labia minora b. breast c. ovaries d. uterus

After hearing this information, should Sue and Tim feel that their chances of having a child with a cleft lip are increased over that of the general population? Sue and Tim were referred for genetic counseling after they inquired about the risk of having a child with a cleft lip. Tim was born with a mild cleft lip that was surgically repaired. He expressed concern that his future children could be at risk for a more severe form of clefting. Sue was in her 12th week of pregnancy, and both were anxious about the pregnancy because Sue had had a difficult time conceiving. The couple stated that they would not consider terminating the pregnancy for any reason but wanted to be prepared for the possibility of having a child with a birth defect. The genetic counselor took a three-generation family history from both Sue and Tim and found that Tim was the only person to have had a cleft lip. Sues family history showed no cases of cleft lip. Tim and Sue had several misconceptions about clefting, and the genetic counselor spent time explaining how cleft lips occur and some of the known causes of this birth defect. The following list summarizes the counselors discussion with the couple. Fathers, as well as mothers, can pass on genes that cause clefting. Some clefts are caused by environmental factors, meaning that the condition didnt come from the father or the mother. One child in 33 is born with some sort of birth defect. One in 700 is born with a cleft-related birth defect. Most clefts occur in boys; however, a girl can be born with a cleft. If a person (male or female) is born with a cleft, the chances of that person having a child with a cleft, given no other obvious factor, is 7 in 100. Some clefts are related to identifiable syndromes. Of those, some are autosomal dominant. A person with an autosomal dominant gene has a 50% probability of passing the gene to an offspring. Many clefts run in families even when there does not seem to be any identifiable syndrome present. Clefting seems to be related to ethnicity, occurring most often among Asians, Latinos, and Native Americans (1 : 500); next most often among persons of European ethnicity (1 : 700); and least often among persons of African origin (1 : 1,000). A cleft condition develops during the fourth to the eighth week of pregnancy. After that critical period, nothing the mother does can cause a cleft. Sometimes a cleft develops even before the mother is aware that she is pregnant. Women who smoke are twice as likely to give birth to a child with a cleft. Women who ingest large quantities of vitamin A or low quantities of folic acid are more likely to have children with a cleft. In about 70% of cases, the fetal face is clearly visible using ultrasound. Facial disorders have been detected at the 15th gestational week of pregnancy. Ultrasound can be precise and reliable in diagnosing fetal craniofacial conditions.

In order for sexual intercourse to produce a pregnancy, both partners must experience _____. a. orgasm b. ejaculation c. affection d. none of the above

In the fertility awareness method of birth control, a woman gauges her monthly fertile period by monitoring changes in the consistency of her vaginal mucus. What kind of information does such a method provide about the likelihood of getting pregnant?