Chapter 1.1, Problem 1LO

Compare and contrast the nonscientific methods for knowing or acquiring knowledge (tenacity, intuition, authority, the rational method, and the empirical method). Identify an example and explain the limitations of each method.

Consider the following questions.

Does multitasking make you more efficient with your time?

Does having more friends make you less vulnerable to depression?

Are children of divorced parents less likely to be satisfied with their romantic relationships?

Are girls more likely to cyberbully than boys?

Does eating cake for breakfast make dieters more likely to stick to their diets later in the day?

Are adolescents who play violent video games more aggressive than adolescents who do not play violent video games?

Does playing brain games in adulthood make it less likely you will develop Alzheimer’s?

To determine

Compare and differentiate the non-scientific methods for acquiring knowledge. Identify an example and explain the limitation of each method.

Answer to Problem 1LO

Solution:

Scientific method means a stepped and logically fixed process for acquiring knowledge and understanding knowledge. The method of acquiring knowledge which is not scientific is termed as non-scientific.

Explanation of Solution

The non-scientific method does not have logically set procedures. The non-scientific ways of obtaining knowledge are explained as under -

• Tenacity:

Tenacity means what has been true in the past holds firmly to the belief and is expressed as "it has always been so".

• Intuition:

Intuition means that something which just stands to reason. It involves use of rational processes with the experience benefit.

• Authority:

Authority means the process of established belief based on the prominent source.

• Rational Method:

It states that truth is intellectual. The process of rational decision making involves the consideration to all factors which are affected.

• Empirical Method:

It is a method wherein knowledge is acquired through one's own experience and learning.

Example of non-scientific method to acquire knowledge is the speeches of the politicians − Authority.

Limitations of each method:

• Tenacity:

It does not support evaluation.

• Intuition:

It means belief from within. Belief is unsupported by objective evidences.

• Authority:

The established belief on which it is based may be wrong.

• Rational Method:

It can construct logical arguments for both sides of debate. Hence, it cannot be completely relied upon.

• Empirical Method:

While using this method, it is difficult to be an objective observer.