Problem 1E: Write Lewis symbols for the following atoms. (a) Kr; (b) Ge; (c) N; (d) Ga; (e) As; (f) Rb. Problem 2E: Write Lewis symbols for the following ions. (a) H-; (b) Sn24 (c) K4; (d) Br-; (e) Se2-; (f) Sc24. Problem 3E: Write plausible Lewis structures for the following molecules that contain only single covalent... Problem 4E: Each of the following molecules contains at least one multiple (double or triple) covalent bond.... Problem 5E: By means of Lewis structures, represent bonding between the following pairs of elements. (a) Cs and... Problem 6E: Which of the following have Lewis structures that do not obey the octet rule:... Problem 7E Problem 8E: Suggest reasons why the following do not exist as stable molecules: (a)H2;(b)HHe;(c)He2;(d)H2O. Problem 9E: Describe what is wrong with each of the following Lewis structures. Problem 10E: Describe what is wrong with each of the following Lewis structures. Problem 11E Problem 12E: Indicate what is wrong with each of the following Lewis structures. Replace each one with a more... Problem 13E: Write Lewis structures for the following ionic compounds: (a) calcium chloride; (b) barium sulfide;... Problem 14E: Under appropriate conditions, both hydrogen and nitrogen can form monatomic anions. What are the... Problem 15E: Derive the correct formulas for the following ionic compounds by writing Lewis structures. (a)... Problem 16E: Each of the following ionic compounds consists of a combination of monatomic and polyatomic ions.... Problem 17E: Assign formal charges to each of the atoms in the following structures.. Problem 18E: Assign formal charges to each of the atoms in the following structures. Problem 19E: Both oxidation state and formal charge involve conventions for assigning valence electrons to bonded... Problem 20E Problem 21E Problem 22E: Assign formal charges to the atoms in the following species, and then select the more likely... Problem 23E Problem 24E: Show that the idea of minimizing the formal charges in a structure is at times in conflict with the... Problem 25E: Write acceptable Lewis structures for the following molecules:... Problem 26E: Two molecules that have the same formulas but different structures are said to be isomers. (In... Problem 27E: The following polyatomic anions involve covalent bonds between O atoms and the central nonmetal... Problem 28E: Represent the following ionic compounds by Lewis structures: (a) barium hydroxide; (b) sodium... Problem 29E: Write a plausible Lewis structure for crotonaldehyde, CH2CHCHCHO, a substance used in tear gas and... Problem 30E Problem 31E: Write Lewis structures for the molecules represented by the following molecular models. Problem 32E: Write Lewis structures for the molecules represented by the following molecular models. Problem 33E: Write Lewis structures for the molecules represented by the following line-angle formulas. (Hint:... Problem 34E: Write Lewis structures for the molecules represented by the following line-angle formulas. (Hint:... Problem 35E: Identify the main group that the element X belongs to in each of the following Lewis structures. For... Problem 36E Problem 37E: Use your knowledge of electronegativities, but do not refer to tables or figures in the text, to... Problem 38E: Which of the blowing molecules would you expect to have a resultant dipole moment () ? Explain. (a)... Problem 39E: What is the percent ionic character of each of the following bonds? (a) S-H ; (b) O-Cl ; (c) Al-O ;... Problem 40E Problem 41E Problem 42E: Use a cross-base arrow () to represent the polarity of the bond in each of the following diatomic... Problem 43E: Which electrostatic potential map corresponds to F2C=O and which to H2C=O? Problem 44E Problem 45E: Two electrostatic potential maps are shown, one corresponding to a molecule containing only S and F,... Problem 46E Problem 47E Problem 48E: Which of the following species requires a resonance hybrid for its Lewis structure? Explain. (a)... Problem 49E: Dinitrogen oxide (nitrous oxide, or "laughing gas") is sometimes used as an anesthetic. Here are... Problem 50E: The Lewis structure of nitric acid, HONO2, is a resonance hybrid. How important do you think the... Problem 51E: Draw Lewis structures for the following species, indicating formal charges and resonance where... Problem 52E: Draw Lewis structures for the following species, indicating formal charges and resonance where... Problem 53E: Write plausible Lewis structures for the following odd-electron species: (a) CH2 ; (b) CIO2 ; (c)... Problem 54E: Write plausible Lewis structures for the following free radicals: (a) C2H5 ; (b) HO2 ; (c) CIO. Problem 55E: Which of the following species would you expect to be diamagnetic and which paramagnetic?... Problem 56E: Write a plausible Lewis structure for NO2 , and indicate whether the molecule is diamagnetic or... Problem 57E: In which of the following species is it necessary to employ an expanded valence shell to represent... Problem 58E Problem 59E: Use VSEPR theory to predict the geometric shapes of the following molecules and ions: (a) N2 ; (b)... Problem 60E: Use VSEPR theory to predict the geometric shapes of the following molecules and ions: (a) PCI2 ; (b)... Problem 61E: Each of the following is either linear, angular (bent), planar, tetrahedral, or octahedral. Indicate... Problem 62E: Predict the geometric shapes of (a) CO ; (b) SiCI4; (c) PH2; (d) ICI2 ; (e) SbCI2 ; (f) SO2 ; (g)... Problem 63E: One of the following ions has a trigonal-planer shape: SO22;PO42,PF5,CO22. Which ion is it? Explain. Problem 64E: Two of the following have the same shape. Which two, and what is their shape? What are the shapes of... Problem 65E Problem 66E: Sketch the probable geometric shape of molecule of (a) N2O4(O2NNO2); (b) C2N2(NCCN); (c)... Problem 67E: Use the VSEPR theory to predict the shapes of the anions (a) CIO4 ; (b) S2O22 (that is, SSO22 ); (c)... Problem 68E: Use the VSEPR theory to predict the shape of (a) the molecule OSF2; (b) the molecule O2SF2; (c) the... Problem 69E: The molecular shape of BF2 is planar (see Table 10.1). If a fluoride ion is attached to the B atom... Problem 70E: Explain why it is not necessary to find the Lewis structure with the smallest formal charges to make... Problem 71E: Comment on the similarities and differences in the molecular structure of the following triatomic... Problem 72E: Comment on the similarities and differences in the molecular structure of the following four-atom... Problem 73E: Draw a plausible Lewis structure for the following series of molecules and ions: (a) CIF2; (b) CIF2;... Problem 74E: Draw a plausible Lewis structure for the following series of molecules and ions: (a) SIF52; (b)... Problem 75E: Sketch the propyne molecule, CH2CCH. Indicate the bond angles in this molecule. What is the maximum... Problem 76E: Sketch the propene molecule, CH2CHCH2. Indicate the bond angles in this molecule. What is the... Problem 77E: Lactic acid has the formula CH2CH(OH)COOH. Sketch the lactic acid molecule, and indicate the various... Problem 78E: Levulinic acid has the formula CH2(CO)CH2CH2COOH. Sketch the levulinic acid molecule, and indicate... Problem 79E Problem 80E Problem 81E: Predict the shapes of the following molecules, and then predict which would have resultant dipole... Problem 82E: Which of the blowing molecules would you expect to be polar? (a) HCN; (b) SO2; (c) CS2; (d) OCS; (e)... Problem 83E: The molecule H2O2 has a resultant dipole moment of 22 D. Can this molecule be linear? If not,... Problem 84E Problem 85E: Without referring to tables in the text, indicate which of the following bonds you would expect to... Problem 86E: Estimate the lengths of the blowing bonds and indicate whether your estimate is likely to be too... Problem 87E: A relationship between bond lengths and single-bond covalent radii of atoms is given on page 449.... Problem 88E: In which of the following molecules would you expect the oxygen-to-oxygen bond to be the shortest?... Problem 89E Problem 90E Problem 91E: A reaction involved in the formation of ozone the upper atmosphere is O22O. Without referring to... Problem 92E: Use data from Table 10.3, but without performing detailed calculations, determine whether each of... Problem 93E: Use data from Table 10.3 to estimate the enthalpy change (,H) for the following reaction.... Problem 94E: One of the chemical reactions that occurs in the formation of photochemical smog is O2+NONO2+O2.... Problem 95E: Estimate the standard enthalpies of formation at 25 (b) N2H4(g) . Write Lewis structures and use... Problem 96E Problem 97E: Use bond energies from Table 10.3 to estimate rH for the following reaction. C2H2(g)+H2(g)C2H4(g)... Problem 98E: Equations (1) end (2) can be combined to yield the equation for the formation of CH4(g) from its... Problem 99E: One reaction involved in the sequence of reactions leading to the destruction of ozone is... Problem 100E Problem 101IAE: Given the bond-dissociation energies: nitrogen-to-oxygen bond in NO,631kJmol1,HH in H2,436kJmol1;NH... Problem 102IAE Problem 103IAE Problem 104IAE Problem 105IAE Problem 106IAE: Draw Lewis structures for two different molecules with the formula C2H4 . Is either of these... Problem 107IAE: Sodium azide, NaN2 is the nitrogen gas-forming substance used in automobile air-bag systems. It is... Problem 108IAE Problem 109IAE Problem 110IAE: A few years ago the synthesis of a salt containing the ion was reported. What is the likely shape of... Problem 111IAE Problem 112IAE: In certain polar solvents, PCI, undergoes an ionization reaction in which a Cl- ion leaves one PCI,... Problem 113IAE Problem 114IAE Problem 115IAE: Use the VSEPR theory to predict a probable shape of the molecule F4SCH2, and explain the source of... Problem 116IAE: The standard enthalpy of formation of methanethiol, CH2SH(g) , is 22.9kJmol1 . Methanethiol tan be... Problem 117IAE Problem 118IAE Problem 119IAE Problem 120IAE: R. S. Mulliken proposed that the electronegativity (EN) of an atom is given by EN=k(E1Eea) where E1... Problem 121IAE: When molten sulfur reacts with chlorine gas, a vile-smelling orange liquid forms. When analyzed, the... Problem 122IAE: Hydrogen azide, HN2 , can exist in two forms. One form has the three nitrogen atoms connected in a... Problem 123IAE Problem 124IAE Problem 125IAE Problem 126IAE: One of the allotropes of sulfur is a ring of eight sulfur atoms. Draw the Lewis structure for the S5... Problem 127IAE: One of the allotropes of phosphorus consists of four phosphorus atoms at the corners of a... Problem 128FP: In this problem, we examine the basis of three different electronegativity scales and work through... Problem 129FP Problem 130FP Problem 131SAE Problem 132SAE: Briefly describe each of the following ideas: (a) formal charge; (b) resonance; (c) expanded valence... Problem 133SAE: Explain the important distinctions between (a) ionic and covalent bonds; (b) lone-pair and bond-pair... Problem 134SAE Problem 135SAE: The formal charges on the O atoms in the ion (ONO)' is (a) -2; (b) -1; (c) 0; (d) +1. Problem 136SAE: Which molecule is nonlinear? (a)SO2;(b)CO2;(c)HCN;(d)NO. Problem 137SAE: Which molecule is nonpolar? (a)SO2;(b)CH2CI2;(c)NH2;(d)FNO. Problem 138SAE: The highest bond-dissociation energy is found in (a)O2;(b)N2(c)CI2;(d)I2. Problem 139SAE: The greatest bond length is found in (a)O2;(b)N2;(c)Br2;(d)BrCI. Problem 140SAE: Draw plausible Lewis structures for the blowing species; use expanded valence shells where... Problem 141SAE: Predict the shapes of the following sulfur-containing species. (a)SO2;(b)SO22;(c)SO42. Problem 142SAE: Which of the following ionic compounds is composed of only nonmetal atoms?... Problem 143SAE: Which of the following molecules does not obey the octet rule? (a)HCN;(b)PF2;(c)CS2;(d)NO; (e) none... Problem 144SAE: Which of the following molecules has no polar bonds? (a) H2CO ; (b) CCI4 ; (c) OF2 ; (d) N2O ; (e)... Problem 145SAE: The electron-group geometry of H2O is (a) tetrahedral: (b) trigonal planar, (c) bent; (d) linear;... Problem 146SAE: For each of the following compounds, give the names of the electron-group geometry and the molecular... Problem 147SAE: Use bond enthalpies from Table 10.3 to determine whether CH2(g),HGO(g), or HCOOH(g) produces the... Problem 148SAE Problem 149SAE Problem 150SAE: What is the VSEPR theory? On what physical basis is the VSEPR theory founded? Problem 151SAE Problem 152SAE Problem 153SAE Problem 154SAE format_list_bulleted