The table below represents the cumulative rainfall rate over 100 minutes. The initial rainstorm losses were 0.6 cm and the index value was 0 = 0.6 cm/hour. Calculate: a. The sum of the total losses. b-The total surface runoff through this slope. 100 80 60 40 20 0 time (minutes) 3.5 3.3 2.6 1.2 0.5 0 Cumulative rain (cm)

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Asphalt binders are subsidiary products procured during the refining process of petroleum while manufacturing gasoline, diesel, and similar petroleum products. Asphalt binders are obtained from the residue that remains after the distillation of petroleum, this residue is further subjected to steam distillation and oxidation to remove the traces of gas oil present in the residue. Certain additives or modifiers are also added to asphalt binders to alter them to suit different applications.