Q3 A bridge pier is to be constructed in a river bed by constructing a cofferdam as shown in Figure below . A cofferdam is temporary enclosure consisting of long, slender elements of steel, concrete, or timber members to support the sides of enclosure. After constructing the cofferdam, the water within it will be pumped out. Determine : (a) the flow net rate using k = 1x10 cm/sec. (b) the factor of safety against piping. The void ratio of the sand is 0.59and assume 1=0.3 m. 6 m 3 m Top of sand 3 m

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Asphalt Binders and Mixtures

Asphalt binders are subsidiary products procured during the refining process of petroleum while manufacturing gasoline, diesel, and similar petroleum products. Asphalt binders are obtained from the residue that remains after the distillation of petroleum, this residue is further subjected to steam distillation and oxidation to remove the traces of gas oil present in the residue. Certain additives or modifiers are also added to asphalt binders to alter them to suit different applications.