DNA from a strain of Bacillus subtilis with the genotype trp+ tyr+ was used to transform a recipient strain with the genotype trp− tyr−. The following numbers of transformed cells were recovered: Genotype Number of transformed cells trp+ tyr− 154 trp− tyr+ 312 trp+ tyr+ 354 What do these results suggest about the linkage of the trp and tyr genes?

Q: The period gene of Drosophila melanogaster encodes for a stretch of Thr-Gly repeated in tandem. In…

A: In this question, it is given that the allele with 20 Thr-Gly repeats produces an amplicon of size…

Q: T. Miyake and M. Demerec examined proline-requiring mutations in the bacterium Salmonella…

A: In transduction process, the closer the genes are present on a DNA, the more possibility they have…

Q: Why is the observed mutation rate of E. coli 10–8 to 10–10 per base pair replicated, even though the…

A: The fidelity of DNA replication before the onset of cell division is an major factor in the…

Q: By conducting conjugation experiments between Hfr and recipientstrains, Wollman and Jacob mapped the…

A: The interrupted mating technique is a technique used to map the genes in the chromosome of the…

Q: DNA from a strain with genotype a+b+c+d+ is used to transform a strain with a genotype a-b-c-d-.…

A: In case of prokaryotic organisms such as bacteria sexual reproduction is achieved by horizontal gene…

Q: BACTERIA STRAIN A IS AUXOTROPHIC FOR METHIONINE AND STRAIN B IS AUXOTROPHIC FOR LEUCINE. A. WILL…

A: Auxotrophic strains lack the property of synthesising the growth factors required for their proper…

Q: The following recombinants are recovered when conjugation occurs between an a+d+g+ donor and an a…

A: Given, conjugation occurs between an (a+d+g+) donor and an (a-d-g-) recipient.  Hence, parental…

Q: Let’s suppose a new strain of P1 phage has been identified thatpackages larger pieces of the E. coli…

A: When two genes are present close to each other in a chromosome, the bacteriophages can package the…

Q: The Borrelia hermsii spirochete causes a relapsing fever, characterized by multiple periods of high…

A: Borrelia hermsii are spirochete bacteria that have a thin long and spiral shape and move with the…

Q: It was shown that the pan marker entered last in interrupted conjugation experiments. By spreading…

A: Minimal media is the media which required minimum component for the growth.  Here MM+ glucose = 280…

Q: Consider the following types of cells: F+, F-, Hfr, and F’ cells. Which of these four types of cells…

A:

Q: Price et al. (1999. J. Bacteriol. 181: 2358–2362) conducted a genetic study of the toxin transport…

A: Missense mutation- When one or more amino acids are replaced by the other amino acid.

Q: In your attempts to identify a genetic basis for rheumatoid arthritis in humans, you have DNA…

A: Rheumatoid arthritis is a chronic autoimmune disease that causes inflammation and pain in the…

Q: An Hfr strain of E. coli that is pro thr * leu * lac " was "mated" with an F- strain that is pro thr…

A: Introduction Genetic recombination is a process of exchange of genetic material between two…

Q: DNA obtained from the indicated donor type recombinants are scored. The number of wild-types for…

A: Recipient lacking in b and c genes (a+ b-c-) has the largest number of transformed colonies(462

Q: An Hfr strain that is hisE + and pheA + was conjugated to a strain that is hisE − and pheA −. The…

A: Conjugation experiments are done to map different genes in bacteria. The mapped distances determined…

Q: How can you assess dominance and mapping with only one mutant?

A: Dominant alleles are those which are expressed when present in heterozygous conditions.  The

Q: Price et al. [(1999). J. Bacteriol. 181:2358–2362] conducteda genetic study of the toxin transport…

A: There are basically two main types of gene transfer - Vertical gene transfer and Horizontal gene…

Q: Price et al. [(1999). J. Bacteriol. 181:2358–2362] conducteda genetic study of the toxin transport…

A: Genes are the functional units of DNA and express a functional protein. They are made up of…

Q: After isolating six Neurospora mutations, you mate A and a representatives of each in all pairwise…

A: We can determine that there are at least 4 different genes represented in this experiment, with the…

Q: By conducting conjugation experiments between Hfr and recipientstrains, Wollman and Jacob mapped the…

A: Genetic material is transferred  between bacterial cells by direct cell-to-cell contact or by a…

Q: An Hfr strain that is leuA+ and thiL+ was mixed with a strain thatis leuA− and thiL−. In the data…

A: Transfer of genes in prokaryotes occurs through horizontal transfer mechanisms such as transduction,…

Q: A bacterial transformation is performed with a donor strain that is resistant to four drugs, A, B,…

A: The genetic alterations of a cell that results from the direct uptake and integration of exogenous…

Q: By conducting conjugation experiments between Hfr and recipientstrains, Wollman and Jacob mapped the…

A: On the basis of the given information, it can easily be predicted that it explains the…

Q: What is the recombination frequency?

A: Escherichia coli B is known to be the permissive strain for rII mutants since they permit the growth…

Q: A fluctuation test was carried out to determine the rate of mutation to Azetidine resistance (a…

A: The inventors of fluctuation test were Delburk and Luria in 1943. This test aimed to determine…

Q: DNA containing the genes gin+ phe+ lys+ was used to transform bacterial cells of genotype gln- phe-…

A: As per the question :-  Genotypes and number of individuals obtained are as:-  A ) gly + phe+ lys +…

Q: DNA obtained from the indicated donor strains is used to TRANSFORM the indicated recipient strains.…

A: The correct answer is option C. Arginine The arginine locus is closest to serine.

Q: Recombinant protein production by a genetically modified Escherichia coli strain is proportional to…

A: In this scenario, we explore aspects of recombinant protein production using a genetically modified…

Q: An Hfr strain that is hisE+ and pheA+ was mixed with a strain thatis hisE− and pheA−. The…

A: Transfer of genes in prokaryotes occurs through horizontal transfer mechanisms such as transduction,…

Q: E. coli cells are simultaneously infected with two strains of phage λ. One strain has a mutant host…

A: A gene is a stretch of nucleotides present in the DNA molecule. It encodes information for the…

Q: The HbβS(sickle-cell) allele of the human β-globingene changes the sixth amino acid in the…

A: Sickle cell anemia is a blood disorder in which an improper folding of hemoglobin occurs. In this…

Q: Linkage maps in an Hfr bacterial strain are calculated in units of minutes (the number of minutes…

A: Conjugation is a process of horizontal gene transfer in bacteria. It involves the transfer of…

Q: Four E. coli strains of genotype a+ b- are labeled 1, 2, 3, and 4. Four strains of genotype a- b+…

A: A gene is the essential physical and functional unit of heredity. They are comprised of DNA…

Q: In E. coli, the gene bioD+ encodes an enzyme involved in biotin synthesis, and galK+ encodes an…

A: Gene transfer is the process of insertion of unrelated DNA into cells. There are three mechanisms of…

Q: When demonstrating horizontal gene transfer, why is it important to use strains that each require at…

A: Introduction  Gene transfer is referred to the process in which the DNA (Deoxyribose Nucleic Acid)…

Q: You have isolated 8 mutants in yeast that fail to grow on minimal media plates but do grow when they…

A: This is a question from classical genetics. Here one mutant strain is crossed with other mutant to…

Q: If you compare the frequency of the sixteen possible dinucleotide sequences in the E. coli and human…

A: CG directly activates pDCs and B cells. The resultant immune response is characterized by the…

Q: Why would you look for ARGs in a farming context And why specifically in the waste manure produced…

A: In the context of microbiology and genetics, ARG stands for antibiotic resistance gene. These are…

Q: As mentioned in question 2 of More Genetic TIPS, origins of transfer can be located in many…

A: Bacterial conjugation is the exchange of genetic material from one bacterial cell to another through…

Q: A 2.0kb bacterial plasmid ‘BS1030’ is digested with the restriction endonuclease Sau3A; the plasmid…

A: Plasmids are small, circular, double stranded, and extrachromosomal bacterial DNA. i.e. it is…

Q: Price et al. [(1999). J. Bacteriol. 181:2358–2362] conducteda genetic study of the toxin transport…

A: The mutation is an alteration in the sequence of DNA. Codon is a 3 DNA nucleotide sequence that is…

Q: Recombinant protein production by a genetically modified Escherichia coli strain is proportional to…

A: In some genetically modified Escherichia coli (E. coli) strains engineered for recombinant protein…

Genetic Evolution

Sexual reproduction produces distinct population variations. Heredity determines the traits and qualities to be passed down to the progeny. Over time, this variation within-species is also affected by the process of human evolution. The study of how genetic variation leads to evolutionary changes is known as genetic evolution. If a trait helps an organism to survive and reproduce, it is more likely to be passed down the generations. It is rare that such traits result in a completely distinct set of traits in descendants than the ancestral population; this can result in the emergence of a new species.