Answered: Describe the structural and functional…

Human Anatomy & Physiology (11th Edition)

11th Edition

ISBN:9780134580999

Author:Elaine N. Marieb, Katja N. Hoehn

Publisher:Elaine N. Marieb, Katja N. Hoehn

Chapter1: The Human Body: An Orientation

Section: Chapter Questions

Problem 1RQ: The correct sequence of levels forming the structural hierarchy is A. (a) organ, organ system,...

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Related questions

Question

Describe the structural and functional roles of neurons
and glia in the nervous tissue.

Expert Solution

Step 1

Neurons (also called 'Nerve cells') are the fundamental structural and functional units of the brain and the nervous system. They help in sending and receiving signals from the brain. Glia on the other hand is often called 'Glial cells' or 'Neuroglia' are non-neuronal cells of the nervous system. They maintain homeostasis and provide protection to neurons.

Step 2

Structural role of the Neuron: Neuron has a distinct structure which is made up of different components like axon, dendrites, cell bodies, and synapses. Neurons can be specific for a certain region of the body and they are proven to have synaptic connections that range over 2 meters. A specialized structure named 'Myelin sheath' helps in providing the protection and insulation to the axon which helps in the minimal dissipation of signals when they travel across the axon. Myelinated neurons are lighter in appearance and are located in the White Matter of the brain whereas non-myelinated neurons are darker in appearance and are located in the Grey Matter of the brain.
Functional role of the Neuron: Neuron is the functional unit of the brain. It transfers the signals from the brain to the body and vice versa. Neural activity can be restricted to a particular region or the chain of neurons can help transmit the signals across the body. Transmission of signal proceeds as axon of one neuron is in contact with the dendrite of second and the axon of the second neuron is in contact with the dendrite of the third neuron and so on. The brain connects to the muscles and organs across the body and responds as per the signals sent and received.
Structural role of Glia: Myelin is the fatty product that acts as a sheath protecting and insulating the axons of neurons. This myelin is produced by the Glia (or Glial Cells). Glia is non-neuronal cells that provide protection to the neurons. It also helps to maintain the structural integrity of the neurons and keep them in place.
Functional role of Glia: Glial cells are multi-functional cells and perform various functions. Glia helps to provide nutrients to the neuron. Myelin, a glial cell product allows more insulation to the neuron. Glial cells help to remove cell debris, worned out or dead neurons as well.