Introduction to Organic Chemistry
The field of chemistry which deals with the studies of reactions, structures, and properties of organic compounds that comprise carbon bonded through covalent bonding is organic chemistry. The studies regarding the structure of organic compounds could be determined with the help of structural formulas. In order to know about the behavior of organic compounds, a study on the properties has to be done. Both physical properties and chemical properties, the origin of chemical reactivity come under the study regarding the properties of organic compounds. The chemical preparation of polymers, drugs, natural products, and the study of separate organic molecules in the lab come under the study of organic reactions.
Vinyl Group
Vinyl group is the name given to the functional group of -CH=CH2. It can be seen as an ethene molecule with one less hydrogen in number. Hence it is also called as ethenyl group at times.
Straight Chain Hydrocarbons
The requirement to identify each compound needs a richer number of words than informative prefixes like n and iso. The identification of organic molecules is made easier by the use of systematic nomenclature schemes. The organic chemistry nomenclature has two types: traditional and systematic. Common names arise in many forms, but share the characteristic that a link through name and form is unnecessary. The name that matches a certain structure clearly must be remembered as knowing a person's name. In contrast, systemic names, including an overall common set of laws, are locked specifically to the chemical structure.
Unsaturated Hydrocarbon
Following are few examples of alkenes with their general molecular as well as their structural formulas:
Conjugated Compounds in Organic Chemistry
The delocalization of electrons in a molecule is called conjugation in organic chemistry. This delocalisation process of electrons leads to the shortenings or elongations of chemical bonds, but at the same time it causes changes in the chemical properties in conjugated molecules as compared to the non-conjugated ones. For example, conjugated molecules absorb light at longer wavelengths.
Alpha Carbon And Alpha Protons
The carbon directly attached to the functional group in an organic molecule is referred to as the alpha carbon and the hydrogen attached to an alpha carbon are termed as the alpha hydrogens or alpha protons. These alpha carbon atoms and alpha hydrogen atoms are of importance because they undergo certain characteristic reactions in organic chemistry.
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## Molecular Orbital Diagram for \( \text{O}_2^{2-} \)
**Problem Statement:**
Below is a molecular orbital diagram for \( \text{O}_2^{2-} \). Calculate the bond order – show your work.
**Molecular Orbital Diagram:**
```
O_2^{2-}
```
```
_____ σ*_{2p}
___ ↑↓ π*_{2p}
| \_\__ ↑↓ ↑↓ __π_{2p}
|_↑↓__ ↑↓ σ_{2p}__
|_↑↓__ σ*_{2s}
|_↑↓__ σ_{2s}
```
### Explanation of the Diagram:
The diagram shows the arrangement of electrons in the molecular orbitals of \( \text{O}_2^{2-} \). Each rectangular box represents a molecular orbital, while the arrows inside the boxes represent the electrons with their respective spins.
From bottom to top, the molecular orbitals are:
- \( \sigma_{2s} \): Lower energy bonding orbital formed from the \(2s\) atomic orbitals.
- \( \sigma^*_{2s} \): Higher energy antibonding orbital formed from the \(2s\) atomic orbitals.
- \( \sigma_{2p} \): Lower energy bonding orbital formed from the \(2p_z\) atomic orbitals.
- \( \pi_{2p} \): Bonding orbitals formed from the \(2p_x\) and \(2p_y\) atomic orbitals.
- \( \pi^*_{2p} \): Antibonding orbitals formed from the \(2p_x\) and \(2p_y\) atomic orbitals.
- \( \sigma^*_{2p} \): Higher energy antibonding orbital formed from the \(2p_z\) atomic orbitals.
### Bond Order Calculation:
Bond order is calculated using the formula:
\[ \text{Bond Order} = \frac{(\text{number of bonding electrons}) - (\text{number of antibonding electrons})}{2} \]
From the diagram:
- Number of bonding electrons (\(σ_{2s}\), \(σ_{2p}\), \(π_{2p}\)): \(2 + 2 + 4 = 8\)
- Number of](/v2/_next/image?url=https%3A%2F%2Fcontent.bartleby.com%2Fqna-images%2Fquestion%2F42517a3c-1f9e-4cb9-8a60-b8d73ceb2073%2F4451adce-3a6b-4664-bfc7-2166f40808f6%2Feg0eig_processed.jpeg&w=3840&q=75)
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