An indirect extrusion operation produces the cross-section shown in Figure 1 (Dimensions in cm) from an aluminum alloy (annealed) billet whose diameter is 300 mm and length of 500 mm. In the Johnson strain equation, a=0.8 and b=1.2 1.1 calculate shape factor of the product 1.2 If the butt left in the container at the end of the stroke is 25 mm thick, what is the (5) length of the extruded section?

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Q: elasticity

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Q: How can the strain-energy density be determined?

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Forming and Shaping

Metal forming is a category of metalworking process through which the material can be given the desired shape and size by subjecting it to plastic deformation, where the component undergoes bulk deformation process upon application of loads. Unlike the shearing and machining process, the material does not undergo up to a failure point as indicated in the stress-strain curve. Hence, the stresses induced during the forming process are greater than yield strength but less than the failure strength of the material. The process does not lead to the loss of material, so it can be said to be an economical process. During forming, the material is subjected to tensile forces, compressive forces, bending, and shearing loading conditions. The material should possess the property of ductility to undergo the forming process.