A rectangular footing (4.5 x 4.36 m.) is placed 1.98 m. below the ground surface. The soil arrangement is composed of sand (ground) for the first 6.94 meters and followed by clay for the next 6.78 meters. The force acting on the footing is 10,700 kN. Determine the settlement of the consolidating layer in mm. Assume a 2V:1H pressure diagram. Unit weight of sand = 16.9 kN/m3. Clay has the following properties: Unit weight = 18.3 kN/m3, Void ratio = 95, Liquid limit = 49. Round off to two decimal places. Answer: 3.35

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Methods to Determine Vertical Stress

The load applied to the soil is transferred to the underground. The presence of water at soil pores and solid grains above the soil are the primary components that are responsible for the effective load transfer. Due to the load acting, the internal component of the soil or the underground formations undergoes deformations or a tectonic shift. The amount of deformation depends upon the amount of load acting on the soil surface, which indeed, depends on the weight of everything present above the soil. Due to this, the underground soil element develops internal stresses which try to resist the tectonic changes.