Answered: 1. Kate is having trouble learning the…

Ciccarelli: Psychology_5 (5th Edition)

5th Edition

ISBN:9780134477961

Author:Saundra K. Ciccarelli, J. Noland White

Publisher:Saundra K. Ciccarelli, J. Noland White

Chapter1: The Science Of Psychology

Section: Chapter Questions

Problem 1TY

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Question

1. Kate is having trouble learning the steps involved in using a microscope correctly. If we consider Vygotsky’s description of how children can help themselves through difficult tasks, we should suggest that Kate:

A. Talk herself through the steps

B. Go through the procedure in slow motion a few times

C. Practice each step separately many times over

D. Learn the reasons why each step is important

2. Three of the following ideas are integral parts of social cognitive theory. Which one is NOT?

A. Learning can occur without a change in behavior.

B. People have control over their actions.

C. Reinforcement can have an effect not only on the person being reinforced but on other individuals as well.

D. People’s behaviors are always the direct results of the specific environments in which they live.

3. Bandura proposes that three of the following conditions are necessary for modeling to occur. Which one is not necessary?

A. Motivation to perform the behaviour

B. relatively stress-free environment

C. Memory of the observed behaviour

D. Attention to the model

4. Jim has a high sense of self-efficacy regarding his ability to work with his hands. Based on this information, we would predict three of the following from social cognitive theory. Which one would we not necessarily predict?

A. Jim will frequently choose activities that involve working with his hands.

B. If Jim has difficulty at a task requiring his handiwork, he will tend to “try, try again” until he gets it right.

C. Jim will be a bit careless when he works with his hands, so he will frequently make silly little mistakes.

D. Compared to Joe, who has low self-efficacy, Jim will do a better job at such hands-on tasks.

5. According to Duckworth's studies on grit, those who believe that diligence and ___ pays off beat out their less optimistic, and often more talented, counterparts nearly every time.

A. apathy

B. perseverance

C. weakness

D. laziness

II.

1. To teach children to be resilient, we need to show them real examples of how failures and setbacks can lead to success by talking about them regularly, sharing our own experiences, and most importantly ___ them to fail.

A. not allowing

B. helping

C. allowing

D. prevent

2. What statement best characterises an environment where people can best learn?

A. where there are difficult activities to challenge the students and there is a supportive learning community

B. where all activities are easy that all students can get high marks, are happy, and "stress-free"

C. where the teacher is stern and firm so students will learn discipline and autonomy

D. where there are difficult activities to push the students to their limits so they can learn to be resilient

3. Trudy makes an obscene gesture in class, and the teacher punishes her severely. Other students in class observe both the gesture and the punishment. Based on social cognitive theory, what can we guess about what those other students have learned and how they are likely to behave in the future?

A. They don’t know how to make the gesture, but they know that the teacher will punish them severely for inappropriate behavior.

B. They know how to make the gesture, but they are likely to forget it within a few days.

C. They know how to make the gesture and are likely to make it in class in the future.

D. They know how to make the gesture, but they are unlikely to make it in class.

4. According to Vygotsky, scaffolding represents

A. a barrier or a block to solving a problem.

B. external support for helping children solve problems on their own.

C. a plateau that children reach before progressing to a new stage.

D. artificial support, such as notes, on which children can rely while learning.

5. Eight-year-old Julie lives in a rural area where many people are farmers or in some other way make theirliving through agriculture. After a lengthy summer drought, it begins to rain heavily one day in late July. “Thank goodness!” Julie hears her father exclaim. “Our prayers have finally been answered!” Julie makes a mental note of the cause–effect relationship her father has implied—in particular, that prayer can lead to rain. This situation illustrates Vygotsky’s belief that:

A. Adults pass along to children the ways in which their culture interprets events.

B. Children’s level of potential development is always a bit higher than their actual developmental level.

C. Children acquire more knowledge and skills when scaffolding is kept to a minimum.

D. Thought and language are distinct processes in the early years of life.

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