AnnaYim_FieldNotesModule1

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1 Field Note #1 Anna Yim Arizona State University SPE 525: Measurement, Data Display, Interpretation, and Experimental Design Dr. Vanessa Fessenden Ph.D., BCBA Co-Instructor Michelle Downie October 18, 2022

2  Distinguish between dependent and independent variables (D1)  Distinguish between internal and external validity (D2)  Identify the features of single-subject experimental designs (D3)  Describe the advantages of single-subject experimental designs (D4)  Use single-subject experimental designs (D5)  Describe rationales for conducting comparative, component, and parametric analyses (D6) The ASR defined the terms in D1: dependent and independent variables as these respectively, the variables we expect to change given the manipulation (target behaviors); and the variables manipulated by researchers (interventions). The ASR emphasized when we talk about dependent and independent variables, we’re referring to the target behaviors and interventions respectively. The ASR gave different examples of what to look for to identify what the dependent and independent variables are within an experimental design. By knowing what the target behaviors and interventions are, we’re easily able to identify the type of experimental design they’re using, as well as understanding what the authors/implementers are trying to do to change the target behavior. Both the ASR and the reading in Ledford & Gast, internal validity is defined as a study with adequate mechanisms for ensuring that outcomes are related to the intervention procedures rather than to have extraneous factors, (Ledford & Gast, 2018). External validity, as defined by Ledford & Gast as, the degree to which the results yielded by the study can be generalized to other target behaviors. The cumulative quiz that was given in this module helped us distinguish the difference between these terms where internal validity shows whether the study design, conduct, and analysis answer the research questions without bias; whereas, external validity shows whether the study findings can be generalized to other target behaviors or contexts. Both

3 the ASR and cumulative quiz in Module 1, helped us identify the definition for both terms, and how to identify the differences between the two. D3 on the task list makes sure we can identify the features of single-subject research designs. The ASR presented the differences between single-subject research designs and group designs, as well as their advantages and disadvantages. Single-subject research designs as defined in the ASR and based on Ledford & Gast, share that these designs examine changes within an individual’s performance or that of a group. The video comprehension quiz tested us on the differences of these 2 designs, making sure we were able to distinguish one from the other. Ledford & Gast defines group designs where they examine changes across groups. The ASR put an emphasis on single-subject designs showing changes within an individual’s performance, and group designs showing changes across groups. The video comprehension quiz helped me identify the advantages of single subject research designs where they’re appropriate in testing the effectiveness of treatments on individuals when the focus is on strong, consistent, and biologically or socially important effects, (Ledford & Gast, 2018). This design is useful when the behavior of particular individuals are the interest, (Ledford & Gast, 2018). As stated above, single-subject research designs look at changes within an individual’s performance; the advantage of this is seeing how the target behavior is affected within an individual, and how this individual’s performance/behavior is within a group. The ASR helped us use single case research designs by understanding the features of it and how the components comprised the design. Line graphs are usually used when displaying single case research designs, however, the type of graph depends on the type of experimental design chosen. This also translates to the type of experimental design is dependent on the type of

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4 research question that is presented. The most basic ABA graph includes a Baseline and an intervention condition. Even though these 2 components are crucial in any ABA graph, it’s not considered ‘quality’ research because it fails to demonstrate experimental control, (Ledford & Gast, 2018). The ASR showed different examples of how single subject research designs are displayed, and what the components are within the graph. Finally, Module 1 covers D6 where we’re to identify the differences between comparative/comparison, component, and parametric analyses, (Ledford & Gast, 2018). Ledford & Gast define comparative/comparison analyses as analyses that compare the effectiveness of 2 or more independent variables. An example of a comparative/comparison analysis would be, “will a computer-based training or behavior skills training produce faster fidelity for RBT’s conducting discrete trial training?” The ASR continues to define component analysis as the analysis that pulls apart package interventions to identify which component parts are most effective, alone or in combination. This would look something like, “does component 1 or component 2 increase/decrease target behavior to a greater extent?” An example of component analysis would be, “will removal of the ‘rule statement’ component from the Good Behavior Game change the frequency of students’ challenging behaviors?” Lastly, parametric analysis is defined by Ledford & Gast, analysis that examines the amount or “dose” of a single independent variable to determine how much is most effective. An example of a parametric analysis would be, “what effect will 5 seconds versus 45 seconds of DRA escape from instruction have on the rate of escape-maintained challenging behavior?” Ledford & Gast, as well as the ASR helped us define the different analyses and see how they look in real-life experimental designs.

5 References Behavior Analyst Certification Board. (2017). BCBA task list (5th ed.). Author. https://www.bacb.com/wp-content/uploads/2020/08/BCBA-task-list-5th-ed-210202.pdf Ledford, J. R., & Gast, D. L. (Eds.). (2018). Single case research methodology (3rd ed.). Routledge.