CHEM 1000 FS23 UC project - Hieu Ho

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School

Bowling Green State University *

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1000

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Statistics

Date

Feb 20, 2024

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docx

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Uploaded by CaptainCrocodilePerson955

Unit Conversion and Data Presentation Project Fall 2023 Assignment Overview (Detailed description follows) Due Date: September 11 th , 11:59 pm – All files turned in on Canvas Purpose: In this assignment:  Students will apply their knowledge of unit conversions to real world situations.  Students will demonstrate their ability to graph data and analyze information obtained from the graphs.  Students will demonstrate their understanding of how to appropriately display information graphically. This project addresses the following learning outcomes: LO1 and LO4 from the course outcomes, and LO3, LO4, and LO5 from the college outcomes. Knowledge and Skills: To complete this project successfully you will need to demonstrate proficiency in the following:  Use of conversion factors and significant figures to convert units  Graphing data in an appropriate way  Interpreting data from a graph If you are unfamiliar with Excel, and how to use Excel to graph, you will need to learn how to use that software for graphing. Tasks and Criteria for Success  Part 1: Medication dosage scenario o Read through the provided scenario about azithromycin and a patient treatment. o Answer the questions that follow.  If calculations are required, provide work, and use the correct number of significant figures.  Files submitted electronically, PC friendly (pdf, png, word) – All work should be VERY clear and easy to interpret.  Part 2: Graphing and Graphical analysis

o You will research and compile data on a topic of your choice. You must have 15 data points.  Create a plot that is appropriate for your data.  Use the information provided about how to best present data to make sure that you are accurately displaying your data in a way the audience can understand. o Files are submitted electronically – graphs must be submitted as excel files only (.xls, .xlsx), any questions can be submitted as typed documents (word, pdf).  Part 3: Interpretation o Using the data that you have researched from the topic of your choice, you will interpret your graph – what information can you learn from your graph? o Answers to questions are submitted as typed documents (word, pdf) This project may be done with one other person (in pairs) if you so choose, but it is not required. If you choose to complete the project with another person, make sure both your names are on all pages submitted, and also please put both names in the comment section of the submission on canvas so that all parties are appropriately awarded points. Detailed Project Description One the most important jobs of any scientist is to be able to effectively communicate their findings to not only the scientific community at large, but also to the general public in a way that is understandable. One part of that is to use the appropriate units. That means that anyone in the scientific community should be able to convert from one unit to another using conversion factors in order to display their data in the best way possible – you can’t graph kg and g on the same graph and have it make sense to the consumer! However, another large responsibility that a scientist has is also to relay information in a way that is not misleading. Data is raw and has no bias – it is simply a collection of facts, unfortunately, the person can have a bias and that may affect how information is displayed. How one displays information has a significant impact on how the consumer interprets the information, because let’s face it, sometimes all we do is look at the pictures, rather than read  . It is very important that the appropriate tools are used to display data so that misinformation is not spread. One very good (PEER REVIEWED) journal article discusses the different and appropriate ways in which data should be analyzed and displayed. You can read it here: Statistical Data Presentation Use this a resource when you decide later on how to accurately display raw data. Examples of misleading data saturate our everyday lives, and we need to be aware of not only how we are being manipulated, but how to prevent us from doing so ourselves as members of the scientific community.

Here is a video explaining some of the ways that data can be manipulated: Misleading Graphs TedTalk Here are examples of those types of misleading graphical representations in the real world: Misleading Graphs in Media Additionally, you can find some resources about how to pick the best type of graphic for representing your data here: How to pick a graph type In this project, the first part will be looking at a case study that will help answer that question, particularly for why I emphasize the importance of understanding unit conversions. Below you will find a scenario regarding an overdose. Use the information included in the scenario and perhaps information you may need to look up to answer the questions that follow. The second and third portions give you the option of choosing your own topic. I will provide a suggestion if you need it, but feel free to do anything you want. My suggestion would be a good guideline as to the level I am looking for in your own exploration. SCENARIO: USE FOR REFERENCE

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Part 1: Medication Dosage Scenario Read through the scenario found on canvas before answering the following questions. For all questions that require calculations, SHOW YOUR WORK in order to earn credit. 1. a) Define a conversion factor, and provide an example. A conversion factor is a number used to change one set of units to another, by multiplying or dividing. Example:

2. Using a suitable example, show how weight can be converted from pounds (lbs) to kilograms (kgs) 1 kg = 2.2 pounds I weigh around 62 kgs.  62 kg. 2.2 pounds 1 kg = 136.4 pounds 3. One of the characteristics of pneumonia is a temperature of 37.2C or higher. Did the patient’s temperature indicate potential pneumonia? Normal body temperature can range between 36.1 C) and 99 F (37.2 C) 4. What is the baby’s weight in kg? The baby’s weight in pounds is 17.  17 pounds 2.2 pounds . 1 kg≈ 7.7 kgs 5. Some medications are formulated such that there is a slower release of the active ingredients. These are known as ‘extended release’ (ER) medications. Azithromycin ER is a single dose extended-release formulation. The recommended dosage for a child 6 months and older with pneumonia is 60. mg/kg administered orally. Azithromycin (immediate release) has a much faster onset of action and acts almost immediately when administered intravenously (IV). If IV therapy is deemed necessary, a dose of 10. mg/kg for those 6 months to 16 yrs is recommended. a) Based upon this information, what would be an appropriate dose of azithromycin ER for a baby weighing 17 lbs like the one in the presented scenario. For a 7.7kg baby ( we got 17 lbs = 7.7 kg from question four ) Appropriate dose of azithromycin ER = 7.7 kg x 60 mg/kg = 462 mg b) What would be the appropriate dose of azithromycin (immediate release) for the same baby?

Amount of azithromycin (immediate release) = 7.7 kg x 10 mg/kg = 77 mg c) How do these doses compare with what was administered in the scenario? What does this imply about the administration of medication? Difference between the amount given in the scenario and the azithromycin ER: 500 – 462 = 38 (mg) Difference between the amount given in the scenario and the azithromycin (immediate release): 500 – 77= 423 (mg)  Overdosing on medications can be very dangerous. The consequences of an overdose can be severe, so it is important to be cautious when taking medications. In this case, it leads to the child death. 6. If a typical adult weighing 155 lbs. receives 500. mg of azithromycin (like the baby did in the scenario), what is the mg/kg dosage? If the same amount (in mg) was administered to a 245 lb adult, what would be the mg/kg dosage? Additionally, remark on how they compare and how you think dosages should be administered and why. Converting the first adult’s weight 155 lbs to kgs:  155 lbs 2.2 lbs . 1 kg≈ 70.45 kgs The dosage would be: 500 mg 70.45 kg ≈ 7.1 mg / kg Converting the second adult’s weight 245 lbs to kgs:  245 lbs 2.2 lbs . 1 kg≈ 111.36 kgs The dosage now would be: 500 mg 111.36 kg ≈ 4.5 mg / kg It is important to understand that certain medications may require dosage adjustments based on various factors such as a patient's weight, medical history, or other medications they are taking. In these cases, a fixed dosage may not be appropriate. Dosing errors can have severe consequences, so it is crucial to be cautious when taking medications. It is essential to discuss dosage with a healthcare professional before making any changes to a medication dosage. Patients should never exceed the recommended dosage without consultation with a healthcare

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professional. This is because the consequences of an overdose can be severe, including injury, illness, or even death. 7. Reflect on the case study – what role do different health care practitioners have in the administration of medication and what responsibility they have for making sure that patients are receiving the correct medication and dosage? Was this case study useful in exemplifying why unit conversion calculation is an important part of your education? Different healthcare practitioners have various duties in giving medications to ensure that patients receive the right medication and dosage. Physicians and pediatricians, for example, are in charge of assessing the patient's health and prescribing the proper drug and dose depending on aspects such as weight, age, and medical history. Nurses play an important role in reviewing prescription orders, preparing drugs, and providing them to patients due to their specific expertise in medication administration. They also keep patient records and make sure drugs are given safely. Medication administration in the case study was a collaborative effort involving the pediatrician, the mother, and the kid. Unit conversion was an important feature of pharmaceutical delivery in this scenario. Any mistakes in unit conversion might result in severe dose problems that could injure the patient, thus it's crucial to be careful in ensuring that dosages and schedules are properly maintained. Part 2: Graphing and Graphical Analysis

Part 3: Data interpretation In addition to the graphing of data, it is essential to be able to interpret data from graphs as well. Using the graphs, you created in part two, answer the following questions. 1. Consider your data and the created graphs… Write a question that can be answered from your graphs and, then answer that question using your graphs. Be specific. Use numbers, and if needed, show any calculations. What’s the average overdose deaths from alcohol through the years? Avg = (1.392 + 2.556 + 3.249 + 4.233 + 3.195 + 1.869) / 6 ≈ 2.82 per thousand people. 2. Is there any limitations to the data that you looked up? What further information would you like to have in order to fully answer your question? Would a different graph have been more useful? I hoped to discover statistics at the national level, but due to limitation of data, I did my search within the United States. I want to be able to find all the information I need from a wider range of countries. A more representative data set would be beneficial to me. I used a bar graph to compare distribution variables over a limited number of categories, but it may not be the ideal choice for depicting complicated interactions between several variables or evaluating trends over time. Other forms of visualizations, such as line graphs or scatterplots, may be beneficial for better understanding the link between different factors and their influence on medicine consumption and safety. However, bar graphs are simpler to read and understand, so I use them.

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CHEM 1000 FS23 UC project - Hieu Ho

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