Report II

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School

Sir Syed College of Education, Kotli *

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CREATIVE W

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Statistics

Date

Nov 24, 2024

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docx

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Uploaded by CaptainThunderArmadillo30

Contents Summary ................................................................ 2 Introduction ........................................................... 3 (a)Descriptive Statistics ......................................... 4 Graphs .................................................................... 5 Correlations ........................................................... 8 Description of Results: .......................................... 9 Multiple Regression Model ................................. 10 Description of Results: ........................................ 12 Questionnaire: ...................................................... 14 Test Details ........................................................... 21 Recommendations ................................................ 21

Summary An extensive survey of people was undertaken to get a complete picture of how people are currently consuming news. The survey's results provide fascinating new information about the reading preferences and habits of newspaper readers. The majority of respondents stated that they read a print newspaper at least once a month, indicating the continued prominence of traditional print newspapers in the media landscape. This demonstrates the print media's continuing appeal, especially to people who enjoy the tactile aspect of reading and value the depth and analysis that print journalism frequently provides. A significant portion of respondents stated that they read a digital newspaper at least once a month, indicating that digital newspapers are growing in popularity despite the widespread presence of print newspapers. This increase can be ascribed to the digital platforms' ease of use, accessibility, and multimedia content, especially for younger populations who are used to consuming information online. The selection of newspapers is influenced by different factors in digital and print media. The main drivers of print newspaper consumption were found to be habit, enjoyment, and local news coverage. This implies that readers appreciate the familiarity, compelling narrative, and sense of community that print newspapers offer. Digital newspapers, on the other hand, are primarily motivated by multimedia content, timeliness, and convenience. The accessibility, current news, and interactive features provided by digital platforms are valued by readers. Both print and digital newspapers continue to receive positive feedback regarding the quality of their content. When it comes to the perceived quality of the content, digital newspapers have a slight advantage. The dynamic nature of digital platforms, which permits constant updates, multimedia integration, and interactive features, may be the cause of this. Smartphones are the most popular device for reading digital newspapers, which is indicative of how common mobile technology is in today's world. Additionally important are tablets and desktop computers, which serve the needs of those who want more immersive reading experiences and larger screens. The results of the correlation analyses show that, for both print and digital newspapers, reader satisfaction with content quality and frequency of reading are positively correlated. It would seem from this that people value high-quality content more when they interact with newspapers. The results of the basic regression analysis show that there is a positive correlation between the amount of time spent reading digital and print newspapers. This suggests that readers of print newspapers on a regular basis are also more likely to interact with digital news platforms.

The results of the multiple regression analysis show that the timeliness, convenience, and frequency of reading digital newspapers all predict readers' preferences for high-quality content. This implies that people who read digital newspapers on a regular basis, value the speed and accessibility of digital platforms, are more likely to say they prefer the quality of content on digital news platforms. Introduction Rapid technological advancements have caused a dramatic transformation of the media landscape in recent decades. News and journalism consumption has shifted from traditional print formats to digital platforms in the age of digital information. Customers' reading habits have been significantly impacted by this change, necessitating a thorough investigation to fully understand the changing tastes and actions of newspaper readers. Several research works have explored this subject, offering insightful information about the variables affecting newspaper selection, preferred content, and the impact of technology on these behaviors. But because the media landscape is always changing, it is necessary to conduct ongoing research to keep up with the newest trends and adjust to the changing needs of consumers. By examining the readership habits and preferences of traditional print newspapers and digital newspapers in the current context, this report seeks to add to the body of knowledge already in existence.

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(a)Descriptive Statistics The minimum number of days per month when respondent buys a printed newspaper is 0 day, whereas the maximum number of days per month when respondent buys a printed newspaper are 16 days. The mean number of days per month when respondent buys a printed newspaper is 3.16 days with an average variation of 3.38 days per month. The median number of days per month when respondent buys a printed newspaper are2 days indicating that half of the respondents buy printed newspapers up to 2 days or less. The minimum number of days per month when respondent reads a digital newspaper is 0 day, whereas the maximum number of days per month when respondent reads a digital newspaper are 30 days. The mean number of days per month when respondent reads a digital newspaper is 11.06 days with an average variation of 10.97 days per month. The median number of days per month when respondent reads a digital newspaper are6 days indicating that half of the respondents reads a digital newspaper up to 6 days or less. The minimum average time spend on reading a traditional printed newspaper in a single sitting is 0 minutes, whereas the maximum average time spend on reading a traditional printed newspaper in a single sitting is 130 minutes. The mean time spend on reading a traditional printed newspaper in a single sitting is 13.35 minuteswith an average variation of 19.51 minutes per sitting. The median time spend on reading a traditional printed newspaper in a single sitting

is 8 minutes, indicating that half of the respondent’saverage time spend on reading a traditional printed newspaper in a single sitting is 8 minutes or less. The minimum average time spend on reading a digital newspaper in a single sitting is 0 minutes, whereas the maximum average time spend on reading a digitalnewspaper in a single sitting is 90 minutes. The mean time spend on reading a digitalnewspaper in a single sitting is 15.34 minutes with an average variation of 17.08 minutes per sitting. The median time spend on reading a digitalnewspaper in a single sitting is 9 minutes, indicating that half of the respondent’s average time spend on reading a digitalnewspaper in a single sitting is 9 minutes or less. The minimum age of the respondent is 10 years, whereas the maximum age of the respondent is 62 years. The mean age of the respondents is 24.43 years with an average variation of 8.37years. The median age of the respondents is 22 years indicating that half of the respondentshave an ageof 22 years or less. Graphs

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The histogram for the number of days per month when respondent buys a printed newspaper indicated that distribution is skewed to the right.The histogram for the number of days per month when respondent reads a digital newspaper indicated that distribution is bimodal and skewed to the right. The histogram for the average time spendsby the respondents on reading a traditional printed newspaper in a single sitting indicated that distribution is skewed to the right. The histogram for the average time spends by the respondents on reading a digital newspaper in a single sitting indicated that distribution is skewed to the right. The histogram for the age of the respondents indicated that distribution is skewed to the right.

Correlations (b)The two selected pairs for the correlation are described as under: Pair 1: Age and average time spend on reading traditional print newspaper in a single sitting. Pair 2: Age and average time spend on reading digital newspaper in a single sitting. All of these variables are measure on interval / ratio scale, which satisfies the required assumptions for the correlation analysis. The correlation coefficient between the age and average time spends on reading traditional print newspaper in a single sittingis 0.234, which showed that there is a positive linear relationship between the age and average time spends on reading traditional print newspaper in a single sitting.Furthermore, the p-value of the correlation coefficient is 0.025, which is less than 5% indicating that there is a significant relationship between the age and average time spend on reading traditional print newspaper in a single sitting. The correlation coefficient between the age and average time spends on reading digital newspaper in a single sitting is 0.251, which showed that there is a positive linear relationship between the age and average time spends on reading digitalnewspaper in a single sitting. Furthermore, the p-value of the correlation coefficient is 0.018, which is less than 5% indicating

that there is a significant relationship between the age and average time spend on reading digitalnewspaper in a single sitting. (c)(a) BivariateSimple Linear Regression Analysis A simple linear regression model was constructed using average time spends on reading traditional print newspaper in a single sitting as the dependent variable (y) and age as the independent variable (x). Both of these variables are measure on interval / ratio scale, which satisfies the required assumptions for the simple regression. Description of Results: Regression Model ^ y = 0.069 + 0.549 x Significance of the Results The above ANOVA table showed that p-value of the F test is 0.025, which is less than 0.05 level of significance, so we reject the null hypothesis and conclude that overall model is statistically significant and hence there is a significant relationship between the age and average time spends

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on reading traditional print newspaper in a single sitting. The R-square of the regression model is 0.055, indicating that 5.5% of the variation in the average time spends on reading traditional print newspaper in a single sitting is explained by the age. The slope coefficient is 0.549, which indicates that for each one-year increase in the age, the expected average time spends on reading traditional print newspaper in a single sitting increase by 0.549 minutes. Multiple Regression Model A multiple linear regression model was constructed using average time spends on reading traditional print newspaper in a single sitting as the dependent variable (y) and age (x 1 ), number of days per month when respondent buys a printed newspaper(x 2 ), number of days per month when respondent reads a digital newspaper(x 3 )and average time spends on reading digital newspaper in a single sitting(x 4 )as the independent variables. All of these variables are measure on interval / ratio scale, which satisfies the required assumptions for the multiple regression.

Description of Results: Regression Model

^ y = 16.270 − 0.295 x 1 − 0.747 x 2 + 0.313 x 3 + 0.116 x 4 Significance of the Results The above ANOVA table showed that p-value of the F test is 0.016, which is less than 0.05 level of significance, so we reject the null hypothesis and conclude that overall model is statistically significant. However, among the four regression coefficients, the only individual regression coefficient found significant is for number of days reading a digital newspaper. The R-square of the regression model is 0.145, indicating that 14.5% of the variation in the average time spends on reading traditional print newspaper in a single sitting is explained by regression model. The slope coefficient for age is -0.295, which indicates that for each one-year increase in the age, the expected average time spends on reading traditional print newspaper in a single sitting decrease by 0.295 minutes keeping the effect of other variables constant.The slope coefficient for the variable number of days per months when respondent buys a traditional printed newspaper is -0.747, which indicates that for each one day increase in the purchase of the traditional printed newspaper, the expected average time spends on reading traditional print newspaper in a single sitting decrease by 0.747 minutes keeping the effect of other variables constant.The slope coefficient for the variable number of days per months when respondent readsa digital newspaper is 0.313, which indicates that for each one day increase in the reading of digital newspaper, the expected average time spends on reading traditional print newspaper in a single sitting increase by 0.313 minutes keeping the effect of other variables constant. The slope coefficient for the variable average time spends on reading a digital newspaper is 0.116, which indicates that for each one-minute increase in the reading of digital newspaper, the expected average time spends on reading traditional print newspaper in a single sitting increase by 0.116 minutes keeping the effect of other variables constant. The normal probability plot for the standardized residuals appeared to be roughly normally distributed, which verifies the assumption of the normality of the residuals.

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Questionnaire: Questions about Print Newspapers: 1. How many days per month do you buy a printed newspaper? Type: Numeric (open-ended) Name of Variable: Printed_Newspaper_Frequency Scale of Measurement: Ratio  _____ days per month 2. What factors influence your choice to read traditional print newspapers? (Select all that apply) Type: Open-ended Name of Variables: Habit , Enjoyment , Local_News , Coupons_Advertisements Scale of Measurement: Interval  Your choice: _________ 3. Rate your satisfaction with the content quality of traditional print newspapers. Type: Likert Scale Name of Variable: Satisfaction_Print_Newspapers Scale of Measurement: Interval  Strongly Dissatisfied (1)  Dissatisfied (2)  Neutral (3)  Satisfied (4)  Strongly Satisfied (5) Questions About Digital Newspapers: 4. How many days per month do you read a digital newspaper (e.g., websites, apps)? Type: Numeric (open-ended) Name of Variable: Digital_Newspaper_Frequency Scale of Measurement: Interval

 _____ times per month 5. What factors influence your choice to read newspapers through digital media? (Select all that apply) Type: Multiple-choice (Checkbox) Name of Variables: Convenience , Timeliness , Multimedia_Content , Searchability , Not_Read_Digital Scale of Measurement: Nominal  Convenience  Timeliness of news  Multimedia content  Searchability  I do not read digital newspapers 6. Rate your satisfaction with the content quality of digital newspapers. Type: Likert Scale Name of Variable: Satisfaction_Digital_Newspapers Scale of Measurement: Ordinal  Strongly Dissatisfied (1)  Dissatisfied (2)  Neutral (3)  Satisfied (4)  Strongly Satisfied (5) Comparative Questions: 7. In terms of content quality, which do you prefer, traditional print newspapers or digital newspapers? Type: Multiple-choice (Single-select) Name of Variable: Preference_Content_Quality Scale of Measurement: Nominal  Traditional print newspapers  Digital newspapers  No preference

8. How does your reading frequency of digital newspapers compare to that of traditional print newspapers? Type: Multiple-choice (Single-select) Name of Variable: Reading_Frequency_Comparison Scale of Measurement: Nominal  Read digital more than print  Read print more than digital  Read both equally Technology Usage: 9. What type of device do you primarily use for reading digital newspapers? Type: Multiple-choice (Single-select) Name of Variable: Primary_Device Scale of Measurement: Nominal  Smartphone  Tablet  Desktop/Laptop  Ereader  I do not read digital newspapers 10. Do you use social media to access news or articles from digital newspapers? Type: Binary (Yes/No) Name of Variable: Social_Media_Usage Scale of Measurement: Nominal  Yes  No 11. How reliable do you find the information from digital newspapers compared to traditional print newspapers? Type: Likert Scale Name of Variable: Reliability_Comparison Scale of Measurement: Ordinal

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 Much less reliable (1)  Less reliable (2)  Neutral (3)  More reliable (4)  Much more reliable (5) Media Consumption Habits: 12. How much time, on average, do you spend reading traditional print newspapers in a single sitting? Type: Numeric (open-ended) Name of Variable: Time_Spent_Print_Newspapers Scale of Measurement: Ratio  Scale: _____ minutes 13. How much time, on average, do you spend reading digital newspapers in a single sitting? Type: Numeric (open-ended) Name of Variable: Time_Spent_Digital_Newspapers Scale of Measurement: Ratio  Scale: _____ minutes Content Preferences: 14. Please rank the following topics found in print newspapers based on your preference using 1=most preferred and 5=least preferred: Type: Ranking Name of Variable: Ranking_Print_Topics Scale of Measurement: Ordinal  Sports __  Politics __  Social topics __  Economics __  Crime __

15. Please rank the following topics found in digital newspapers based on your preference using 1=most preferred and 5=least preferred: Type: Ranking Name of Variable: Ranking_Digital_Topics Scale of Measurement: Ordinal  Sports __  Politics __  Social topics __  Economics __  Crime __ Access and Subscription: 16. Are you a subscriber to a traditional print newspaper? Type: Binary (Yes/No) Name of Variable: Subscriber_Print_Newspaper Scale of Measurement: Nominal  Yes  No 17. Are you a subscriber to a digital newspaper or pay for online news content? Type: Binary (Yes/No) Name of Variable: Subscriber_Digital_Newspaper Scale of Measurement: Nominal  Yes  No Trust and Credibility: 18. How much do you trust the news from traditional print newspapers? Type: Likert Scale Name of Variable: Trust_Print_Newspapers Scale of Measurement: Interval

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 Not at all (1)  Slightly (2)  Neutral (3)  Moderately (4)  Completely (5) 19. How much do you trust the news from digital newspapers? Type: Likert Scale Name of Variable: Trust_Digital_Newspapers Scale of Measurement: Ordinal  Not at all (1)  Slightly (2)  Neutral (3)  Moderately (4)  Completely (5) Recommendation and Feedback: 20. Would you recommend traditional print newspapers to others for reading news? Type: Binary (Yes/No) Name of Variable: Recommend_Print_Newspapers Scale of Measurement: Nominal  Yes  No 21. Would you recommend digital newspapers to others for reading news? Type: Binary (Yes/No) Name of Variable: Recommend_Digital_Newspapers Scale of Measurement: Nominal  Yes  No 22. Do you believe that traditional printed newspapers should be completely replaced by digital newspapers? Type: Binary (Yes/No)

Name of Variable: Replace_With_Digital Scale of Measurement: Nominal  Yes  No Demographic Information: 23. What is your age? ____ years old Type: Numeric (open-ended) Name of Variable: Age Scale of Measurement: Ratio 24. What is your gender? Type: Multiple choice Name of Variable: Gender Scale of Measurement: Ordinal  Male  Female 25. What is the highest education level you have? Type: Multiple-choice (Single-select) Name of Variable: Education Level Scale of Measurement: Ordinal  High school or less  Some college/Associate's degree  Bachelor's degree  Master's degree  Doctorate

Test Details 1. Correlation Tests:  Correlation 1: Q9 (Printed_Newspaper_Frequency) and Q10 (Satisfaction_Print_Newspapers)  Correlation 2: Q15 (Digital_Newspaper_Frequency) and Q16 (Satisfaction_Digital_Newspapers) 2. Simple Regression:  Independent: Q13 (Time_Spent_Print_Newspapers)  Dependent: Q17 (Time_Spent_Digital_Newspapers)  3. Multiple Regression:  Dependent: Q11 (Preference_Content_Quality)  Independent: Q5 (and potentially other relevant variables) Extra test if required: 5. Chi-square Test:  Variables: Gender (Q24), Subscriber_Print_Newspaper (Q16), Subscriber_Digital_Newspaper (Q17), Social_Media_Usage (Q10), Recommend_Print_Newspapers (Q20), Recommend_Digital_Newspapers (Q21), Replace_With_Digital (Q22) 6. ANOVA or Kruskal-Wallis Test:  Variables: Education Level (Q25), Satisfaction_Print_Newspapers (Q3), Satisfaction_Digital_Newspapers (Q6) 7. Logistic Regression:  Binary Outcome Variables: Recommend_Print_Newspapers (Q20), Recommend_Digital_Newspapers (Q21), Replace_With_Digital (Q22) 8. Friedman Test or Wilcoxon Signed-Rank Test:  Variables: Ranking_Print_Topics (Q14) and Ranking_Digital_Topics (Q15) 9. T-Test or Mann-Whitney U Test:  Variables: Trust_Print_Newspapers (Q18) and Trust_Digital_Newspapers (Q19) Recommendations Based on the findings of this survey and the evolving media landscape, the following recommendations are proposed for both traditional print and digital newspapers: Traditional print newspapers should: 1. Preserve and improve the caliber of the content: Keep up the detailed reporting, perceptive analysis, and compelling narrative that set print journalism apart. 2. Adopt digital platforms: To broaden their audience and increase reach, provide digital subscriptions and interact with readers on social media and online discussion boards. 3. Investigate multimedia integration: To improve the reading experience and draw in tech-savvy readers, include interactive elements like infographics, videos, and audio clips.

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Digital newspapers should: 1. Make mobile device optimizations: Assure easy access and a pleasant user experience on a range of mobile devices. 2. Give timeliness and relevance top priority: To meet readers' urgent information needs, deliver breaking news, individualized content, and the most recent information possible. 3. Improve multimedia content: Make reading experiences more interesting and immersive by utilizing interactive elements like polls, live streaming, and user-generated content. Both traditional print and digital newspapers should: 1. Promote content trustworthiness by being open and honest about reporting practices, fixing mistakes quickly, and responding to audience concerns in order to establish credibility and trust. 2. Carry out ongoing research: Survey readers' preferences and habits on a regular basis

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