Income Disparity in the U.S

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Income Disparity in the U.S. 1 Income Disparity in the U.S. Jasmine Gallagher SSC101: Introduction to Social Science University of Arizona – Global Campus Dr. Daugherty July 21, 2023

Income Disparity in the U.S. 2 Income Disparity in the U.S. Income Disparity is a social problem that has affected many over a long time. It does not matter what race, gender, or religion a person is, they can still be affected by this social problem. People not being able to afford food or have proper health care are two examples of how this social problem is in fact a problem. The two social science fields used to explore this issue were sociology and psychology. Examining from a societal and psychological view could supply information on if income disparity could be affected by society or psychological issues. While not everyone is affected by income disparity, most are due to many causes such as not being treated equally and not having proper support. The social issue of income disparity affects all kinds of people in the U.S. This could be due their social surroundings and mental health. There are many reasons as to why this rises to a level of concern, which are that many people are homeless or have more health issues than on average. Sociology and Psychology are disciplines that applied to this problem due to there possibly being societal, and psychological reasonings behind the income disparity in the U.S. People who are minorities or who have been through a hardship are often affected the most by this social problem. “ Sociology is a social science that uses the scientific method to examine how societies develop, are structured, function, and change, by studying institutions, social structures, and social interactions” (Navarre-Jackson, 2023, p. 5.1). This means that the concepts and theoretical approaches of this social science field help in understanding how many children and adults' overall health could be affected due to lack of healthcare. Psychology is the

Income Disparity in the U.S. 3 study of the human mind and how it functions. This allows the concepts and theoretical approaches of this social science field to contribute to the understanding of how mental health and hardships can affect people psychologically. The two differences between the approaches or findings are that sociology uses a comparing approach, while psychology supplies information gathered from conducting research. “Different disciplines may use different forms of evidence, utilize different methodologies, and have a slightly different research focus, but the research process, from start to finish, is fairly similar” (Laubacher, Navarre-Jackson, Williams, Dillard, Pate, & Choi, 2023, p. 2.2). The methodologies in the first source for sociology is quantitative research. There were multiple studies done to see if income disparity affected childhood obesity. Quantitative research was the method used in the second sociology source. The source used surveys to research on who would most likely get CVD care by income status. People's societies often depict what kind of resources such as healthcare are available to them. In the first psychological source quantitative methodologies were used. Analytical strategy, data, and measures were collected, and the information was used to examine if psychological pain caused by hardship was greater than the enjoyment of an identical attainment. Methodologies used in the last psychological source was quantitative research. Surveys, interviews, and blood sampling were used to supply data, and information on how depression, insecurity, and stress could be contributing factors to income disparity. Looking at income disparity through a psychological perspective supplied information on how someone's mental well-being could be a part of the problem. A similarity that every source had was the use of quantitative research to collect information on the social problem. Due to the problem being income disparity in the U.S., a lot

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Income Disparity in the U.S. 4 of data was collected as well as surveys, and interviews were conducted to keep information on the issue. Since sociology and psychology are two different disciples, each will also have different approaches and findings. A difference in the sociological findings were that income disparity caused insufficient accommodations for proper health care and physical activity from living in poor neighborhoods. The psychological difference was that there was an increase in mental health problems caused by stress and depression from hardships that were experienced. Both sociology sources contributed to the study of income disparity in the U.S., by supplying information about people and children and how their society is affected simply by the income being received. The two psychological sources contributed to the study of income disparity by telling us how income disparity can affect people psychologically when under pressure or experience hardship. Examining the same social issue from two different views contributes to society, by providing a better understanding on how with one social issue there could be multiple ways to look and study it to get information. Completing research in two fields can help to minimize the weaknesses, by supplying information from two viewpoints that both have strengths that help get a deeper understanding of the underlying social issue. Social issues typically have multiple underlying issues before discovering the main problem. Having only a single perspective on a social problem would not give all the details necessary to have a complete understanding. This means by viewing a problem from an interdisciplinary perspective it supplies learning of information from multiple areas of study. This gives a complete understanding by allowing researchers from different disciplines to examine the social issue using different methodologies which will then supply more information about the problem. The cause or solution to the problem is more likely to be found using the interdisciplinary perspective.

Income Disparity in the U.S. 5 Professionals use social science research to collect information in an attempt to predict the behavior of humans. The social problems are then addressed using the information collected during the research. Each social problem will be addressed differently depending on whether the issue is about issues in the workplace, politics, or globally. Addressing the social problem once the research is completed could be as easy as closing the pay gap, making the proper public policy choices, and switching to more sustainable resources. Addressing these social issues, however, might not supply the perfect outcome that someone would want. The evolution in comprehending today's social responsibility, ethics, and social justice was entertained by the findings from the social sciences. The findings from the sources could be used in a social setting to gain more insight into other cultures to become more inclusive and help to bring people of diverse cultures together. Being more informed can also help to dissolve misconceptions and prejudice. This could reduce the bias that people may have had previously to being informed and not having as much knowledge on the topic. The findings could also be used to make more sustainable choices to steady the economy and fair practices. Income disparity will always be an issue in the U.S., however continuing to conduct social science research on the social issue will help to increase proper support and equality. Bettering societies will produce better welfare and add more opportunities for both children and adults. When societies grow stronger there will most likely be a reduction in mental health issues. There will not be as many people experiencing financial hardships causing depression. Income equality in the U.S. may or may not be obtainable, the findings however show that children and adults would benefit socially and psychologically.

Income Disparity in the U.S. 6 Reference Glei, D. A., Goldman, N., Weinstein, M. (2019). A growing socioeconomic divide: Effects of the Great Recession on perceived economic distress in the United States. PLoS One. 14(4). https://journals.plos.org/plosone/article?id+10.137/journal.pone.0214947 Jarvandi, S., Yan, Y., Schootman, M. (2012). Income Disparity and Risk of Death: The importance of Health Behaviors and other Mediating Factors. PLoS ONE. 7(11). 1-10. https://eds.s.ebscohost.com/eds/pdfviewer/pdfviewer?vid=3&sid=ac8aaa37-90fc-495a-b699- 99ecae0e3009%40redis Laubacher, M., Navarre-Jackson, L. C., Williams, A. N., Dillard, D., Pate, J., & Choi, K. P. (2023). An introduction to social science: Individuals, society, and culture . Constellation.

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Income Disparity in the U.S. 7 Shahu, A., Okunrintemi, V., Tibuakuu, M., Khan, S U., Gulati, M., M., Blumenthal, R S., Michos, E D. (2021). Income disparity and utilization of cardiovascular preventive care services among U.S. adults. Vol. 8. Pp 100286- (2021). https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2666667721001410?via%3Dihub Uzochukwu, K. (2017). Journal of Urban Affairs. The associations between neighborhood constructs, physical activity, and childhood obesity: Understanding race and income disparities. 39(3). 421-435. https://dx.doi.org/10.1080/07352166.2016.1251196

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