FINAL EXAM

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FINAL EXAM CJC4010 The University of South Florida December 5th, 2023 John Kahyaoglu

Chapter 7: Discuss the kinds of jails in the United States. For starters, local jails are the most common in the United States. Local jails are controlled by each county/city separately, in comparison to a different jail found in a different county/city. Local jails house an array of different people, including but not limited to individuals with all sorts of pending offenses and those who are there already serving time for offenses that they have been found guilty for. Holding cells/lockups are jails utilized for short term detention, inside of a police station. These jails are used to house individuals while they are booked, or waiting to be sent elsewhere,and typically used as short-term confinement (they are not made to keep individuals on a long term basis). Specialized jails are specifically made pertaining to certain kinds of individuals. For instance, those who have mental health/substance abuse issues/problems, these kinds of jails make accommodations with special programs designed to help these individuals. Regional Jails are bigger facilities that provide a holding area for many counties. To add on to this, the reason that they are designed for many counties, is due to the fact that smaller areas may lack resources to run their own jail. Regional jails house a much higher number of individuals. Federal Detention Centers are controlled by the federal government and house those with more serious charges and those with immigration problems. Lastly, private jails are controlled by private corporations who have an agreement with the government, with motives in sight of profit. These jails provide a space for many kinds of individuals from different areas, facing many different kinds of charges.

APA Reference: Clear, T. R., & Reisig, M. D. (2022). American corrections (13th ed.). Cengage Learning, Inc. Chapter 8: Define recidivism and describe its importance in probation. Recidivism is defined as and measured by; ”...criminal acts that resulted in rearrest, reconviction or return to prison with or without a new sentence during a three-year period following the person's release.” (National Institute of Justice, 2023). Recidivism rates can be affected for an array of reasons. For starters, we can look at how much or even what kind of supervision these individuals may or may have not received during the serving of their sentence. More specifically, was this individual's needs met? Or were these individual’s problems attempted to be solved? Recidivism is nothing short of the most important factor and goal that jails/prisons should aim for. This is gravely vital simply for the fact that re-offending, or offending in the first place, is the exact reason why our country, and many other countries, have systems set in stone, with the objective to assist, in a personalized manner, to make sure these individuals re-enter society, safely for themselves, and those around them. By utilizing risk assessment statistics, officers can learn and visualize the problem at hand, regarding how easy it could be for an individual to reoffend in the future. Not only this, but these statistics can provide information regarding what problems the individual(s) face, so that we can better design programs and strategies for these individuals to ensure little to no recidivism. Lastly, but just as important as the rest, regarding recidivism, we can look at case planning. Case planning is the strategy of coming up with a specifically designed plan, designed

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for a specific individual. By utilizing case planning, it has been addressed that this strategy is actually an effective way to meet the needs of individuals, while serving time, in order to prevent individuals from reoffending, when it comes time that they are released. APA Reference: Clear, T. R., & Reisig, M. D. (2022). American corrections (13th ed.). Cengage Learning, Inc. Chapter 9: How do intermediate sanctions work better-as a way of improving on probation or as a way of avoiding the negatives of imprisonment? Why? Intermediate sanctions work better-as a way of improving on probation or as a way of avoiding the negatives of imprisonment due to the fact that intermediate sanctions serve an array of punishments that are much more constraining, in comparison to traditional probation. However, they are much less severe, not to mention cheaper, when comparing it to incarceration. Some examples of intermediate sanctions, can include house arrest, in depth- intensive supervision, electronic monitoring, boot camp, fines, shock incarceration, as well as pretrial diversion. When it comes to the offender, these are all options that are made available to them. Intermediate sanctions “...aim primarily at reducing trial caseloads, especially focusing on less serious cases that need not tie up the court system." (Clear & Reisig, 2022) To add on to this, having an individual serve their time/punishment from their own home, is vastly cheaper than housing them within a jail/prison. By doing this, we are able to avoid a multitude of negative, adverse effects that imprisonment within a jail/prison impose on an individual. The simple answer is the fact that individuals will not face the possibilities of harsh treatment, when looking at house arrest, within their own home, as they could inside of a jail/prison. Although these individuals are stuck inside

their own home being closely monitored, they aren’t stuck inside of a cell for multiple hours at a time, with a set schedule, having to look over their shoulder every minute of the day. Individuals would still have the chance to carry out a typical life, see family and friends that come over to the home, and have the opportunity to work from home, like many individuals in society do anyways. APA Reference: Clear, T. R., & Reisig, M. D. (2022). American corrections (13th ed.). Cengage Learning, Inc. Chapter 10: What are some of the strengths and weaknesses of various prison designs? Are some designs better than others? Various prison designs differ in many ways and have their own sets of strengths and weaknesses. Some prison designs are indeed better than other prison designs. There is not one prison design that would best suit all individuals who find themselves incarcerated. Some prison designs are tailored for specific people in order to get individuals the help they need, in order to be re-entered back into society, when it comes time for them to be released. Traditional jails/prisons, being that they are the most common form of prison, are much more easier to control than other designs, and also allows each individual who is incarcerated to be separated evenly. However, the weaknesses following these types of prison include, but are not limited to, the higher costs required in order to construct these prisons, followed by the limitations of possibilities such as rehabilitation. Prisons designed as an open concept are the kinds of prisons that allow higher amounts of interaction amongst inmates and can prove beneficial when it comes to educational programs, as well as require a lower amount of security measures. However, the weaknesses that follow

include, but are not limited to, the fact that less security can be required. With a lower amount of security, many dangers can follow and it may be hard to gain control of inmates, in the event that an altercation arises. Hybrid designs, put together a mixture of the other designs to attend to specific needs of inmates and can change depending on the diversity of the inmate population. Some weaknesses include complicated training/management and running into the issue of finding qualified staff/management. APA Reference: Clear, T. R., & Reisig, M. D. (2022). American corrections (13th ed.). Cengage Learning, Inc. Chapter 11: Explain the different types of prison violence Violence within prison systems is common and appears in a multitude of ways. For starters, we can look at inmate violence. Being the most common type of prison violence, inmate violence is seen as violence between inmates, between two individuals, or even between multiple groups of inmates, and can include fights, physical assault by hand or even sometimes by weapon, and verbal alterations. These kinds of fights can take place due to gang related violence, territory/marked areas, drugs, or even personal drama. Commonly found within prison environments are those who are gang affiliated. Members of each gang may cause violence amongst gang rivals or even those in the same gang due to disagreements. One other notable form of prison violence, and quite possibly a form that is not talked about enough, is violence between the staff and inmates. Staff members may utilize authority over those who are inmates by forcing inmates by their hand. Not only this, but staff members can also be involved in prison violence with inmates, without physical harm. Some forms of this

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violence can take place by neglect, harassment, or even verbal abuse, which can all adversely affect inmates from growing and healing from their problems before the time comes that they are released. Self harming within prison is looked at as another form of prison violence. Sadly enough, many inmates may look towards self harm as a way out of their prison sentences, or even simply due to mental health issues. Lastly, sexual violence in prisons is another form prison violence. Within prisons, actions such as sexual harassment/assault, and rape could be observed by other inmates, and sometimes even staff/management. APA Reference: Clear, T. R., & Reisig, M. D. (2022). American corrections (13th ed.). Cengage Learning, Inc. Chapter 12: If they commit similar crimes, should women receive the same sentences as men do? How might the unequal treatment of incarcerated men and women be rationalized? The received sentence for the same exact crime should be exactly the same amongst all individuals, no matter what gender an individual is. The gender of an individual should definitely not dictate whether or not an individual will serve, for example, 2 years in prison, or 4 years in prison, for the same crime. The simple answer to this is because the same crime was committed, the same parties were hurt, and the same adverse effects of this crime still took place. To put this simpler, every individual in society, both male and female, have their own extent of free will. Fast forward after the crime took place, both individuals used their free will and decided to go against the law and break it. After reading Chapter 12 of “American Corrections”by Clear & Resig, 2022, it is clear that the amount of incarcerated women is smaller than the amount of incarcerated men. Women may experience different issues within their own

correctional facilities in regard to treatment availability and what kinds of issues women face within their facilities, however at the end of the day there are still high amounts of incarcerated women. Sexism may play a huge role as it relates to unequal treatment between incarcerated men and women. Per the U.S Department of Justice; “Of all cases, 98.1 percent were resolved through pleas. Females were more likely to have outcomes determined by pleas to reduced charges than were males. Fewer women (17 percent) than men (28 percent) were incarcerated-” (Johnston, Kennedy & Shuman, 1987). Even in today’s society many people still set out to explain that women find themselves inside of the justice system due to circumstantial reasoning, in comparison to men. However, circumstantial or not, a crime is a crime, and crimes result in punishment. APA Reference: Clear, T. R., & Reisig, M. D. (2022). American corrections (13th ed.). Cengage Learning, Inc. APA References ● Clear, T. R., & Reisig, M. D. (2022). American corrections (13th ed.). Cengage Learning, Inc. ● Author(s) J B Johnston; T D Kennedy;I G Shuman. (n.d.). Gender differences in the sentencing of Felony offenders . Gender Differences in the Sentencing of Felony Offenders | Office of Justice Programs. https://www.ojp.gov/ncjrs/virtual-library/abstracts/gender-differences-sentencing-felony- offenders ● policy)., N. (see reuse. (n.d.). Recidivism . National Institute of Justice. https://nij.ojp.gov/topics/corrections/recidivism

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FINAL EXAM

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