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Module Two Assignment: Crime Type, Offender Classification, and Applied Sociology Gabrielle Nacey Southern New Hampshire University CJ340: Criminology November 12 th , 2023

Weapon Laws Violations Crime Type The National Incident-Based Reporting System (NIBRS) defines the sale of illegal weapons as a Group A Offense. Federal law prohibits the possession and sale of firearms or ammunition to restricted classes of people; regulates the manufacture and transportation of firearms and ammunition; and bans the possession of certain firearms (Iaconetti et al., 2022, p. 4). Firearms offenses are primarily sentenced under Chapter Two, Part K, Subpart Two (Firearms) and consistently represent a significant portion of the rapidly growing federal caseload. Trafficking firearms is prohibited by multiple statutory provisions in 18 U.S.C. § 922, as well as 26 U.S.C. § 5861 (a) and (j), which outlaw selling illegal weapons (Iaconetti et al., 2022, p. 5) Classifications of Offenders According to the 2022 report What Do Firearms Offenses Really Look Like, published by the United States Sentencing Commission, firearm offenders are typically younger and more violent with more extensive criminal history than other offenders (Iaconetti et al., p. 1). Firearms offenders generally differ from the usual federal offender population concerning various demographic factors. In the fiscal year 2021, a disproportionate majority of firearms offenders were Black, male, U.S. citizens under the age of 35 (Iaconetti et al., 2022, p. 10). An overwhelming number of firearms offenders sentenced belonged to a restricted class of persons and were prohibited by law from possessing a firearm or ammunition because of a previous felony conviction. Most of the nonrestricted offenders illegally purchased a firearm for someone else or made a false statement during their purchase. Drug offenses and assault are the most common felonies committed in connection with firearms offenses (Iaconetti et al., 2022, p. 30). Aspects of Sociology

The routine activities theory asserts that the introduction of firearms into a neighborhood is predicted to elevate crime rates because it provides suitable targets and desirable goods (Steidley et al., 2017, p. 269). These authors compared gun shops to bars and payday lenders – they were described as undesirable and not wanted in an orderly neighborhood. Social disorganization theory suggests that undesirable institutions lead to higher crime rates by disrupting the neighborhood’s social control efforts (Steidley et al., 2017, p. 269). Although firearms are an American constitutional right and are legally sold from a business with a Federal Firearms License (FFL), there is a negative reaction to the increase in guns in urban areas and a symbolic signal of disorder in a way that affects social control efforts. Steidley et al, (2017) found that homicide and robbery rates increased as the number of firearms and gun shops in a neighborhood increased (p. 292). The mere presence of a firearm makes people feel more unsafe and unsteady – which leads to their purchase of a firearm to protect themselves, cycling, and ending with more crime.

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References Iaconetti, M., Kyckelhahn, T., & Kerbel, A. (2022). What Do Federal Firearms Offenses Really Look Like? United States Sentencing Commission. Pogrebin, M., Stretesky, P., Prabha Unnithan, N., & Venor, G. (2006). Retrospective Accounts of Violent Events by Gun Offenders. Deviant Behavior , 27 (4), 479–501. https://doi- org.ezproxy.snhu.edu/10.1080/01639620600721429 Steidley, T., Ramey, D. M., & Shrider, E. A. (2017). Gun Shops as Local Institutions: Federal Firearms Licensees, Social Disorganization, and Neighborhood Violent Crime. Social Forces , 96 (1), 265–298. https://doi-org.ezproxy.snhu.edu/10.1093/sf/sox039

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