Effects of Homelessness

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5008

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Sociology

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Feb 20, 2024

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Effects of Homelessness Briana Nelsen SWK:5008 Macro Social Work Practice with Groups Capella University Dr. Rhonda Waddell

Introduction • The definition of homelessness: “An individual or family who lacks a fixed, regular, and adequate nighttime residence, such as those living in emergency shelters, transitional housing, or places not meant for habitation”, ( State of Homelessness: 2023 Edition . (2023). Retrieved from End Homelessness: https://endhomelessness.org/homelessness-in-america/homelessness-statistics/state-of- homelessness/). • 4 types of homelessness: transitional, episodic, chronic and hidden. • Most common type of homelessness is transitional.

Homelessness in America 3 • In 2022, there were about 582,462 homeless people living in the United States, compared to 580,466 in 2020. Within the provided time period, the highest number of homeless people living in the United States was in 2007, at 647,258. • The United States has twelve states with more than 10,000 people experiencing homelessness, including Arizona, California, Florida, Georgia, Illinois, New York, Massachusetts, Ohio, Oregon, Pennsylvania, Texas, and Washington, (Red Nose Day. (2021, December 6). What Are Four Types of Homelessness . Retrieved from Red Nose Day: https://rednoseday.org/news/what-are-four-types-homelessness)

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Research From the literature found, the need to help decrease the homeless population is to look deeper into the housing options available. With the rise in housing costs, many people are forced to either live with another family in a single household or to avoid homelessness; this is due to the housing costs amounting to more than 50% of an individual’s paycheck throughout the United States, (State of Homelessness: 2023 Edition, 2023). Current resources that are in place to fight to end homelessness only make a small dent in the homeless population numbers If an individual is unable to seek shelter due to overcrowding and is forced to sleep and survive in the elements, they put themselves at risk for premature morbidity. Health risks also include any disease, many types of physical injury, worsening mental illnesses, suicide ideation, and even completing suicide. “At the macro scale of analysis, housing affordability, poverty, social exclusion, public policies, and large- scale shocks influence the number of people living at a disadvantage: the larger that number, the higher the homelessness rate" (Lee, Shinn, & Culhane, 2021). Bigger states and cities have an increased number of homeless individuals living on the streets. Such as New York and California.

Research Continued.. • “Most groups of color have higher rates of homelessness than their White counterparts —and, in some cases, far higher. Within the White group, 11 out of every 10,000 people experience homelessness. For Black people, that number is more than four times as large —48 out of every 10,000 people. Native Hawaiian or Pacific Islanders particularly stand out as having the highest rates, with 121 out of every 10,000 people experiencing homelessness” ( State of Homelessness: 2023 Edition . (2023). Retrieved from End Homelessness: https://endhomelessness.org/homelessness-in-america/homelessness- statistics/state-of-homelessness/ • There are more male homeless individuals than there are females. • California has the highest number of homeless, followed by New York, Florida and Washington.

Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs • Motivational theory to show what an individual needs thrive in life. • Starting at the bottom of the pyramid and working upward to eventually reach the goal of self- actualization, otherwise known as being the best version of oneself. • To advance to the next tier, one must be able to meet all needs of previous tier.

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Transtheoretical Model of Change • Individual needs to be ready to make the change to be successful • Focuses on decision-making of the individual • “Different behavioral theories and constructs can be applied to various stages of the model where they may be most effective”, (LaMorte, 2022). • Not a linear process and does not have a set time period to complete stages • Overall goal is to maintain change

Best Practice Strategy • Programs created to help homelessness include Section 8 housing and housing choice vouchers, both of which have been proven to help reduce the number of homeless (Coalition for the Homeless, 2023). • “Housing First” started in New York and expanded nationwide • “Research studies have found that most long-term street homeless people moved into “housing first” apartments remain stably housed and experience significant improvements in their health problems’, (Coalition for the Homeless, 2023). • Case Management is a common intervention to fight against homelessness • “Case management (CM) is one such intervention where individual case managers respond to the complexity of navigating the healthcare system by assessing, planning, and facilitating access to health and social services" (Ponka, et al., 2020).

Sustainability and Implementation • Homelessness is a macro-level issue in the United States • Create or attend continuing education on causes, interventions, and strategy implementation • Best practice strategies are able to evolve and improve over time • Homeless population will continue to grow if nothing is done • Eviction prevention programs, rental assistance, utility assistance, mental health care and finding employment assistances are crucial aspects of ending homelessness.

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How to Improve Quality of Social Work • Gain knowledge and experience working with different resources in the community • Experience homelessness from different angles and perspectives • Work with diversity such as different people, families, cultures, etc. • Enhance empathy and sympathy competence • Enhance Code of Ethics principles a social worker practices by • Opportunities to attend continuing education on homelessness • Help social workers measure the effectiveness of programs and resources

Conclusion • Homelessness is everywhere; every city, state, and country. • There is never just one universal reason behind homelessness • Individuals need to meet their basic needs according to Maslow's Hierarchy of Needs. • An individual needs to want the change to accomplish the change. • “Housing First” and case management are among the most effective strategies to end homelessness. • The population of homeless will continue to rise if nothing is done. • Helping the homeless exposes social workers to diversity, experience in various settings, enhances ability, knowledge, empathy, and sympathy. • Helps social workers assess effectiveness of resources and programs.

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References • Coalition for the Homeless. (2023). Proven Solutions . Retrieved from Coalition for the Homeless: https://www.coalitionforthehomeless.org/proven-solutions/#Housing-BasedSolutions • LaMorte, W. W. (2022). The Transtheoretical Model (Stages of Change) . Retrieved from Boston University School of Public Health: https://sphweb.bumc.bu.edu/otlt/mph-modules/sb/behavioralchangetheories/ behavioralchangetheories6.html • Lee, B. A., Shinn, M., & Culhane, D. P. (2021, April 2). Homelessness as a Moving Target. The ANNALS of the American Academy of Political and Social Science, 693 (1), 8-26. doi:https://doi.org/10.1177/000271622199703) • Mccleod, S. (2023, October 24). Maslow’s Hierarchy Of Needs . Retrieved from Simply Psychology: https://www.simplypsychology.org/maslow.html • Ponka, D., Agbata, E., Kendall, C., Stergiopoulos, V., Mendoca, O., Magwood, O., . . . Pottie, K. (2020). The Effectiveness of Case Management Interventions for the Homeless, Vulnerably Housed and Persons With Lived Experience: A Systematic Review. PLoS One, 15 (4). doi:https://doi.org/10.1371%2Fjournal.pone.0230896 • Red Nose Day. (2021, December 6). What Are Four Types of Homelessness . Retrieved from Red Nose Day: https://rednoseday.org/news/what-are-four-types-homelessness). • State of Homelessness: 2023 Edition . (2023). Retrieved from End Homelessness: https://endhomelessness.org/homelessness-in-america/homelessness-statistics/state-of-homelessness/ • Statista Research Department. (2023, June 2). Homelessness In The U.S . Retrieved from Statista: https://www.statista.com/topics/5139/homelessness-in-the-us/#topicOverview

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