CRIM230 MidTerm

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Feb 20, 2024

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Nicole D’Andrea Dr. Robertiello CRIM230 EL February 13, 2024 1. Define Victim, Victimology, and Victim Blaming. - Victim comes from the Latin word, “victime”, which were humans and animals that became sacrificed in order to please gods. The term victim in victimology typically refers to the individuals that were directly affected by a crime and its offender (BNC OER+, 2023, p. 1). Linked to the field of criminology, victimology is the study of victims of crime with a goal of creating a general theory to help prevent victimization. Within the field, examination is done on how victims are treated by society and the criminal justice system, how victims seek help and recovery, and how they seek compensation (BNC OER+, 2023, p. 1). Victim blaming is common in the realm of sexual violence. Social and system responses tend to blame a victim for their victimization, and there are multiple forms of it such as the Defensive Attribution Hypothesis, the Just world theory, and rape myths. They all generally describe how the victim is at fault and they aren’t truly victims (BNC OER+, 2023, p. 72). 2. Explain the difference between Direct Victim and Indirect Victim - A direct victim is the primary victim. They are the one who was directly affected by the crime and is suffering victimization. An indirect victim is the secondary victim, which can be a loved one, a co-worker, community members, or anyone else who is connected to the direct victim. They could either feel emotions for the direct victim, or they could have heard about the crime and feel emotions such as sadness or anxiety for example.

They were not directly affected, but they feel emotions towards the crime (BNC OER+, 2023, p. 42). 3. There are 3 primary sources of research data to examine crime, what are they? Explain their pros and cons. - The first primary source of research data to examine crime is the Uniform Crime Reports, also known as the UCR. The Uniform Crime Reports has the majority of crime statistics in the United States. Local police agencies compile crime statistics, and many other counties, states, colleges, and law enforcement agencies annually share their data. A pro of the Uniform Crime Reports is that they collect information regarding various factors of a crime using a standard reporting form, making for a complete report. A con of th Uniform Crime Report is that many crimes are never reported, meaning that there is an under-reporting crime in the system, mostly for sexual violence crimes (BNC OER+, 2023, p, 24). The second primary source of research data to examine crime is victim surveys, which asks individuals about their experience of victimization. The pro to victim surveys is that it brought attention to crime reported in surveys that were not in police data, which was considered the dark figure of crime, or hidden crime. A con is that they discontinued city surveys (BNC OER+, 2023, p. 25-26). The third primary source of research data to examine crime is opinion and other polling. There is a national intimate partner and secular violence survey going around, Rape and Sexual Victimization Among College-Aged Females examines sexual violence of women on campuses, and Pew Research frequently conducts surveys and polling on various topics. A pro is that it all declines the overall violence and victimization in the United States (BNC OER+, 2023, p. 26).

4. Define Victimization Prevention. What is the difference between Victim Precipitation and Victim Facilitation? - Victimization Prevention is the goal of victimology. It involves examining various aspects of victims and their victimization to understand victimization better and learn about ways to prevent one from becoming a victim (BNC OER+, 2023, p. 1). Victim Precipitation is how a victim plays a role in their victimization while victim facilitation is the idea that the victim did something to make themselves a target. The main difference is that victim precipitation looks into what the victim did while playing their role in victimization while victim facilitation overlooks what a victim could have done to create a higher risk at becoming a victim (BNC OER+, 2023, p. 2). 5. For each of the following examples, determine if the case involves victim facilitation or victim provocation. Be sure that your answer includes a definition of victim facilitation, precipitation or provocation (or none), as well as a justification for your choice. 1. While in a public restroom, Josh leaves his tablet on the bathroom sink while drying his hands. When he turns his back, another man in the bathroom steals his tablet. However, the man is gone before Josh notices and his brand new tablet is gone. - This case involves victim facilitation, which is the idea that a victim did something to make themselves more likely to be a target (BNC OER+, 2023, p. 2). In this case, Josh left his tablet out of his reach on a bathroom sink while he was elsewhere drying his hands. Leaving his tablet unattended left time and room for someone else to quickly swipe it before Josh could get back and grab it, which is what happened. He didn’t leave it with the intentions of it getting stolen, but it created a greater risk.

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2. David is out with some friends at a bar in town. After they have been drinking heavily, he begins to fight with another man drinking at the bar. In his state of inebriation, he is unable to properly defend himself and he loses the fight, finding himself with a black eye and broken arm. - This case involves victim provocation, which is when the victim intentionally did something that led to their victimization (BNC OER+, 2023, p. 2). In this case, David began the fight with the other man, ending with him losing and injured. David intentionally started the fight which led to the consequences of the other man fighting back and led to his own victimization. 3. Rebecca parks her car on campus and heads into class without locking the doors. When she returns to her car, she notices the center console is open and some items are missing. - This case involves victim facilitation, which is the idea that a victim did something to make themselves a target for criminals (BNC OER+, 2023, p. 2). Rebecca didn’t lock her doors and she couldn’t have predicted a criminal would come to her car and steal items. It is not like she intentionally left her car doors unlocked for this to happen, it was an action that just made her an easier target. 4. Angela parks her car on campus and heads into class after locking her car doors. However, when she returns to her car, the car window is shattered and her center console is open. Not only is her window broken and in need of repair, but there are items missing from her center console. - This case doesn’t involve victim precipitation, facilitation, or provocation. Victim precipitation is how a victim plays a role in their victimization (BNC OER+,

2023, p. 2). Angela had no role in her victimization, she simply locked her car doors and went to class. She locked her car to protect it and the belongings inside, and she did not intentionally do anything to cause a criminal to react back. 5. Matthew is out with some friends at a bar in town. He refrained from drinking so as to be able to provide a safe ride home for his friends. Out of nowhere, a group of strangers sneaks up on him while he is alone and beat him up, breaking a rib and badly bruising his face and arms. - Although this case can be tricky, it can fall under the category of victim facilitation, which is when a victim did something that makes them a target for criminals (BNC OER+, 2023, p. 2). We know that Matthew was out with his friends at a bar. He was beaten up in a moment where he was alone, meaning he either left his group of friends or they left him and he stayed back. This can be victim facilitation because for a moment Matthew was alone and became more vulnerable as he had no one to defend him or help him. He was alone in this situation, which is often what criminals look for. 6. Scarlett is loudly telling her friends about her brand new laptop in the cafeteria. She also tells them that she has it with her in her bag, which she has left open. She and her friends then get in line to fill their plates. When they return to the table, she notices her laptop is missing from her bag and no one around has any idea who may have taken it. - This case involves victim provocation, which is when the victim does something intentional to lead to their victimization (BNC OER+, 2023, p. 2). In this case, Scarlett did three things that led to her victimization. She was speaking loudly

about how it was in her bag meaning others would know this knowledge, she left the bag open meaning others now could see it, and then she left it alone unattended while getting a plate of food. She intentionally made it heard to everyone about the new laptop, and intentionally left it unattended and in an open bag so everyone who now heard about it had easy access to it. References BNC OER+. (2023). Victimology (1st edition).

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