EFFECTS OF SOCIAL MEDIA USE ON DEPRESSION AND ANXIETY OF YOUNG ADULTS

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Research Proposal 1 EFFECTS OF SOCIAL MEDIA USE ON DEPRESSION AND ANXIETY OF YOUNG ADULTS (AGED 18-29) IN AUSTRALIA Student’s Name Institution Date

Research Proposal 2 Abstract The widespread adoption of social media platforms among young adults in Australia has raised concerns about its potential impact on mental health, specifically the increased rates of depression and anxiety. This study addresses the pressing issue of mitigating the adverse effects of prolonged social media use in this demographic. The problem statement highlights the prevalence of social media engagement and its association with elevated depression and anxiety rates among young adults. The rationale for this research lies in the growing importance of social media as a means of maintaining social connections, paired with the concerning correlation between social media use and mental health issues. This study aims to bridge the existing knowledge gap and increase awareness among young adults regarding the relationship between social media engagement and anxiety and depression. Furthermore, it emphasizes the significance of promoting offline, face- to-face interactions as a means of safeguarding their psychological well-being, all while exploring strategies to minimize the adverse effects. The primary aim of this research is to investigate the association between social media use and mental health in young adults, particularly the strength of the relationship between social media engagement and depression and anxiety. By looking into this crucial area of study, we hope to provide valuable insights into the impact of social media on the mental well-being of young adults in Australia. This research proposal highlights the importance of understanding the link between social media use and mental health and aims to identify effective strategies for mitigating the adverse effects of excessive social media engagement. This study contributes to the growing body of knowledge concerning the intersection of technology and mental health in the digital age.

Research Proposal 3 TABLE OF CONTENTS Title page ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 0 Abstract -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------2 Introduction -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 4 Background: ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 5 Problem Statement ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 6 Research Rationale and Significance--------------------------------------------------------------------7 (i) Research Aim ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------7 (ii) Research Question of Proposed Study ---------------------------------------------------------------7 (iii) Research Objectives ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------8 (iv) Research Hypothesis -----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------8 Study Design ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 8 Rationale for Chosen Study Design (Systematic Review) ----------------------------------8 Methods ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------9 Ethical Considerations--------------------------------------------------------------------------------10-13 Proposed Work Schedule---------------------------------------------------------------------------------13 Narrative of Decision Points and Milestones---------------------------------------------------------14 Conclusion---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------16 Anticipated Hurdles---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------16 Expected Outcomes of the Study ------------------------------------------------------------------16 References ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 19-22 Appendix--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 23

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Research Proposal 4 INTRODUCTION Social media has become an important part of the modern society, changing the way individuals connect, share information, and engage with the world around them. The Australian Bureau of Statistics (2021) highlights the influential nature of social media, revealing that a staggering 81% of the Australian population, equivalent to 21.30 million people, are active participants in various online platforms. In addition to that, a remarkable 96% of the total population, accounting for 25.31 million people, are Internet users, reflecting the widespread importance of digital technologies into day to day life. While social media offers many advantages, it also raises concerns on its potential impact on mental health, especially among young adults aged 18 to 29. This study aims to explore the relationship between social media use and the spread of depression and anxiety among young adults in Australia. The emergence of social media platforms has transformed the way individuals interact with their peers, access information, and cultivate their online identities. The impact of social media on young adults' mental health, who are at the intersection of technological competence and personal growth, is an important cause for concern. In order to better understand the complex dynamics at work, this study looks at how young Australian adults' excessive use of social media may be associated with a higher risk of mental health issues such depression and anxiety. Understanding the implications of social media usage on the mental health of young adults in Australia is important due to several compelling reasons. Firstly, the high spread of social media engagement within this age group highlights the significance of this study.

Research Proposal 5 Additionally, mental health concerns, such as depression and anxiety, have emerged as pressing public health issues globally. Addressing these concerns is significant for developing informed strategies and interventions that can positively impact the well-being of young adults in Australia. This research aims to contribute to the existing body of knowledge by exploring the issue of the relationship between social media and mental health, specifically among young adults in Australia. BACKGROUND OF THE STUDY In the modern culture, social media has emerged as one of the most extensively utilized forms of communication, shaping the daily lives of countless individuals (Hall & Liu, 2022). The term "social media" encompasses a range of web-based applications that enable users to generate and share content. As Beyens & Eggermont, (2016) explains, this technological shift is gradually reshaping our lifestyles, particularly among the younger generation, with platforms like Facebook, Twitter, Instagram, Whatsapp, Viber, Messenger, and Youtube playing prominent roles. Internet usage is experiencing a rapid global surge, with a substantial portion of young people, including those who consume traditional media such as television and radio, actively participating in social media. As Scott & Woods (2018) pointed out, the Internet has facilitated connections, allowing people to exchange ideas, gain insights into others' perspectives, and engage in social networking. Social media has effectively bridged gaps between individuals, fostering closer connections among them. Presently, an unprecedented number of individuals utilize social networking sites, and these platforms have profound impacts on behavior, particularly among young people (Davidson & Farquhar, 2014; Labrague, 2014; Farquhar & Davidson, 2014).

Research Proposal 6 While social media offers numerous benefits, it has raised concerns about the potential for young individuals to become increasingly isolated and uncertain in their interpersonal interactions (Twenge and Campbell, 2018). Many young people invest substantial time in the digital space, updating their social media statuses, selecting display pictures, posting on pages, and creating their own social media profiles. The number of "Likes" a person accumulates often becomes a measure of their perceived popularity in the eyes of others. Social media, as described by Kremer et al., (2014), provides a means for people to interact with one another by sharing, creating, and exchanging information and ideas through virtual communities and networks (Twenge and Campbell, 2018). It allows communication, sharing of photos and videos (both audio and visual), and connections with individuals across the globe within the same online space. As the population of young individuals engaging with social networks continues to grow, so does the impact of social media on their lives. The extensive use of social networking sites by young people is transforming human behavior and lifestyles. The influence of social media on youth, encompassing both positive and negative aspects, has become a focal point of recent research. Earl (2011) notes that teenagers are influenced by social media in various ways, with notable shifts in how images are presented online that can potentially harm young people while highlighting problematic elements. Understanding the multifaceted impact of social media on young adults, including its implications for mental health, is the central concern of this research proposal. PROBLEM STATEMENT A growing trend among young adults in Australia is the substantial amount of time spent daily on widely used social media platforms such as Twitter, Instagram, and Facebook, which

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Research Proposal 7 have recently become integral parts of people's everyday lives (Karim et al., 2020). Unfortunately, this increased engagement with social media has been associated with elevated rates of depression and anxiety in this demographic. Despite this concerning trend, there remains a notable gap in research focused on effective strategies to mitigate the adverse effects stemming from prolonged use of social media among Australian young adults. RESEARCH RATIONALE AND SIGNIFICANCE The primary issue at hand is the escalating rates of depression and anxiety observed among this demographic due to their extensive social media usage (Longest & Kang, 2022). This phenomenon necessitates urgent attention, as it carries implications for the mental well-being of a significant portion of the Australian population. Young adults are particularly susceptible to these adverse mental health outcomes, and understanding how to address this issue is important (Rosen et al., 2013). To address this pressing concern, this study aims to investigate strategies for mitigating the negative effects of social media use and, in turn, reducing the prevalence of depression and anxiety among young adults in Australia (Becker et al., 2013; Earl, 2017). By looking into this critical research area, we seek to fill the existing knowledge gap and provide valuable insights that can help young adults become more aware of the link between social media usage and mental health issues, specifically anxiety and depression (Althubaiti, 2016). Additionally, this research highlights the importance of encouraging young adults to actively engage in offline, face-to-face interactions to safeguard their psychological well-being while exploring strategies to minimize the detrimental effects associated with extensive social media use.  Research Aim To investigate the association of social media use and mental health in young adults.

Research Proposal 8  Research Question of Proposed Study What is the strength of the association between depression and anxiety caused by using social media?  Research Objectives To determine the relationship between social media usage and depression and anxiety.  Research Hypothesis There is a significant association between social media use and the presence of depression and anxiety among young adults in Australia. STUDY DESIGN This research will employ a systematic review design to effectively answer the research question concerning the association between social media use and the mental health of young adults aged 18-29 years in Australia. A systematic review allows for a comprehensive and structured examination of existing literature, ensuring a rigorous and unbiased assessment of the available evidence. Rationale for Chosen Study Design (Systematic Review): The systematic review study design is highly appropriate for investigating the association between social media use and the mental health of young adults aged 18-29 years in Australia. This design was selected for several compelling reasons: i. Comprehensive Evidence Synthesis: A systematic review allows for the thorough and systematic examination of existing literature on the subject. Given the breadth and depth of research on social media and mental health, this approach ensures a comprehensive analysis of available evidence.

Research Proposal 9 ii. Minimization of Bias: Systematic reviews adhere to a predefined and transparent methodology for study selection, data extraction, and analysis. This minimizes bias and ensures that the review is conducted in an objective and rigorous manner. iii. Enhanced Validity: By synthesizing findings from multiple studies, a systematic review enhances the validity of the results. This approach provides a more robust understanding of the relationship between social media use and mental health. METHODS Plan for Implementation: The systematic review will commence with a comprehensive search of the selected databases (Medline, Psychinfo, Scopus, and Web of Science) using predefined search terms and criteria. The search will be conducted by two independent reviewers to ensure reliability and accuracy. Sample Estimation: As a systematic review involves the analysis of existing studies rather than the recruitment of participants, there is no requirement for sample estimation. The sample size will be determined by the number of eligible studies identified during the literature search. Data Collection and Analysis Data Collection: Data collection will involve the extraction of relevant information from the selected studies. This includes details about study characteristics, participant demographics, measures of social media usage, and assessments of depression and anxiety. The reliability and validity of data collection instruments used in the selected studies will also be documented. Data Analysis: The systematic review will employ rigorous data analysis methods, including thematic analysis and, if appropriate, meta-analysis. Thematic analysis will help identify

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Research Proposal 10 common themes and patterns in the literature, allowing for a qualitative synthesis of findings. Meta-analysis, if feasible, will quantitatively combine data from selected studies to provide a more precise estimate of the association between social media use and mental health outcomes. Instruments for Data Collection and Analysis: The instruments for data collection include data extraction forms developed for systematically capturing relevant information from selected studies. These forms will be designed to ensure consistency and accuracy in data extraction. Regarding the reliability and validity of data collection instruments, we will assess the methodological rigor of the included studies during the systematic review process. This assessment will consider the reliability and validity of measures used in each study and their appropriateness for examining social media use and mental health outcomes. ETHICAL CONSIDERATIONS Autonomy Participant Recruitment: Autonomy is a paramount ethical principle in participant recruitment. Participants will be recruited using a transparent and ethical process, emphasizing their voluntary and informed decision to take part in the research (Frost & Rickwood, 2017; Labrague, 2014; Steers et al., 2014; Rosen et al., 2013). Informed consent will play a central role in this process, ensuring potential participants receive detailed information about the study, including its purpose, potential risks, benefits, and their rights as research subjects. Participants will be informed about their unambiguous right to withdraw from the study at any point without facing adverse consequences. Non-Coercion

Research Proposal 11 Participant Selection: The principle of non-coercion is of great importance in participant selection. To minimize selection bias and ensure representativeness, participants will be selected through random sampling methods. This approach enhances the generalizability of the findings to the broader population of young adults in Australia (Frost & Rickwood, 2017; Labrague, 2014; Steers et al., 2014; Rosen et al., 2013). The informed consent process will empower participants with the knowledge needed to make an informed decision, emphasizing that participation is entirely voluntary, and participants have the unequivocal right to withdraw from the study without any adverse consequences or pressure to continue. Beneficence Suitable Study Design: Beneficence plays a crucial role in the selection of an appropriate primary research study design. Given the sensitivity of the research topic and the need to establish a causal relationship, a longitudinal cohort study design has been chosen. This design allows for the tracking of social media use patterns and mental health outcomes among young adults over an extended period, minimizing potential harm to participants. Data Collection: Ethical data collection focuses on the well-being of participants. Data collection tools, including validated questionnaires, will be administered in a private and confidential setting, ensuring the comfort and privacy of participants. Data Analysis and Reporting: Ethical principles extend to data analysis and reporting. Rigorous anonymization of identifiable information is ensured to protect participant confidentiality (Feinstein et al., 2013). Only aggregated and de-identified data will be reported, upholding the principle of beneficence by preventing any breach of privacy. Non-Maleficence

Research Proposal 12 Participant Recruitment: Non-maleficence is also crucial in participant recruitment. The process emphasizes ensuring that participants do not experience any distress or discomfort, especially when discussing sensitive topics like mental health issues. Data Collection and Reporting: Throughout the research process, the research team will be attentive to the potential for emotional distress among participants. Information about available support services and resources will be provided to address any emotional concerns that may arise during or as a result of participation (Tandoc et al., 2015). The research team is trained to respond empathetically and professionally to any emotional concerns expressed by participants, ensuring their emotional well-being remains paramount. Justice Participant Selection: The ethical principle of justice emphasizes fairness in the distribution of research benefits and burdens. Random sampling methods will be used to select participants, minimizing the potential for undue exploitation of specific groups and enhancing the study's applicability to the wider young adult population in Australia (Frost & Rickwood, 2017; Labrague, 2014; Steers et al., 2014; Rosen et al., 2013). Proposed Work Schedule Task/Milestone Timeline Semester Begins Week 1 Research Proposal Development Weeks 1-2 Literature Review Weeks 3-5 Ethical Considerations Weeks 6-7 Refining Research Design Weeks 8-9 Data Collection Preparation Weeks 10-11 Data Collection Weeks 12-15 Data Analysis Weeks 16-17 Manuscript Writing Weeks 18-20 Editing and Proofreading Weeks 21-22

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Research Proposal 13 Finalizing Results and Discussion Weeks 23-24 Submission of Final Manuscript Week 25 Semester Ends Week 25 Narrative of Decision Points and Milestones: 1. Research Proposal Development (Weeks 1-2): The project begins with the development of a research proposal, outlining the research question, objectives, and methodology. Decisions regarding the specific research design and data sources will be made during this phase. 2. Literature Review (Weeks 3-5): Conducting a comprehensive literature review is a crucial milestone. Decisions will be made about the inclusion/exclusion criteria for selecting relevant studies to be included in the systematic review. 3. Ethical Considerations (Weeks 6-7): Addressing ethical considerations is a pivotal decision point. While the actual research is a systematic review and doesn't involve human participants, ethical principles related to responsible research conduct and data handling will be established. 4. Refining Research Design (Weeks 8-9): After reviewing the literature and considering ethical aspects, any necessary refinements to the research design, including the selection of appropriate data analysis methods, will be made. 5. Data Collection Preparation (Weeks 10-11): Preparing for data collection, even though it is a systematic review, involves setting up data extraction forms and ensuring that the research team is well-prepared to carry out the systematic review process effectively.

Research Proposal 14 6. Data Collection (Weeks 12-15): In a systematic review, this phase involves the actual extraction of relevant information from selected studies. Decisions will be made regarding the handling of data and ensuring consistency in the extraction process. 7. Data Analysis (Weeks 16-17): During this phase, decisions regarding the application of thematic analysis and meta-analysis (if appropriate) will be made to synthesize the findings from the selected studies. 8. Thesis/Manuscript Writing (Weeks 18-20): This is a significant milestone where the draft manuscript will be written. Decisions regarding the structure and content of the manuscript will be crucial. 9. Editing and Proofreading (Weeks 21-22): Decisions about the editing process and the involvement of peers or advisors in reviewing the manuscript for clarity and accuracy will be made. 10. Finalizing Results and Discussion (Weeks 23-24): The results and discussion sections of the draft manuscript will be finalized, with decisions regarding the interpretation of findings and implications for future research. 11. Submission of Final Manuscript (Week 25): The final decision point involves submitting the draft manuscript for publication, with consideration of suitable journals for submission. Anticipated Hurdles: Anticipated hurdles may include challenges in finding and accessing relevant research articles, managing the volume of data from selected studies, and ensuring the reliability and validity of data extraction. Additionally, potential obstacles may arise during the writing and editing process, as well as in the submission and peer-review process.

Research Proposal 15 Throughout the project, regular communication and collaboration among the research team will be essential to address and overcome these hurdles effectively. This research project is planned as a draft manuscript that will undergo various decision points and milestones, including a thorough literature review, ethical considerations, data collection and analysis, and manuscript preparation. Anticipated hurdles will be managed through careful planning and teamwork. CONCLUSION Anticipated Challenges in the Research The journey of conducting this systematic review on the association between social media use and the mental health of young adults in Australia is not without its anticipated challenges. We acknowledge potential hurdles, such as variations in data availability, differences in study quality, and the possibility of publication bias. Additionally, the dynamic nature of social media and its cultural impact over the years may introduce complexities in the synthesis of findings. Heterogeneity in study designs and participant demographics presents another challenge in achieving a unified analysis. Despite these obstacles, our commitment to rigorous methodology and collaboration within the research team will be instrumental in addressing these challenges effectively. Expected Outcomes of the Study This systematic review is poised to contribute significantly to the advancement of knowledge in several ways. It will provide a comprehensive understanding of the relationship between social media use and the mental health of young adults in Australia, shedding light on the nature and extent of this association. By identifying patterns and trends in existing research, the study aims to guide future research directions and policy development. The identification of research gaps

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Research Proposal 16 will serve as a call to action, inspiring researchers to explore areas where knowledge is currently lacking. Moreover, anticipated results may inform policymakers, helping them design interventions and strategies to mitigate the potential negative effects of social media on mental health. Ultimately, this review seeks to raise public awareness about the implications of excessive social media use, empowering young adults to make informed decisions about their online activities. In summary, despite the challenges that lie ahead, this systematic review holds the promise of advancing knowledge, shaping policies, and contributing to the well-being of young adults in the digital age. In conclusion, this research proposal lays the groundwork for a systematic exploration of how social media affects the mental health of young adults in Australia. We're all well aware of how social media is a big part of our lives nowadays. As we embark on this journey, we acknowledge that there will be challenges along the way, such as finding enough data, dealing with differences in study quality, and keeping up with the ever-changing nature of social media. However, the potential outcomes of this research are quite significant. Beyond just adding to what we already know, this systematic review could have a real impact. It could help shape policies and strategies to protect the mental health of young adults in the digital age. It might also inspire more research in areas where we need more answers. In addition, by making people more aware of the effects of too much social media, we hope to empower young adults to make informed choices about their online activities. This proposal outlines a careful plan for the systematic review ahead, emphasizing ethical considerations, acknowledging challenges, and highlighting the potential for meaningful change in the lives of young adults. Our hope is that this research not only adds to academic discussions

Research Proposal 17 but also makes a real difference in the lives of young people, helping them use social media wisely while taking care of their mental health. References Sadagheyani, H. E., & Tatari, F. (2020). Investigating the role of social media on mental health. Mental Health and Social Inclusion , 25 (1), 41-51. https://doi.org/10.1108/MHSI-06- 2020-0039

Research Proposal 18 Longest, K., & Kang, J.-A. (2022). Social media, social support, and mental health of young adults during COVID-19. Frontiers in Communication , 7 , 828135. https://doi.org/10.3389/fcomm.2022.828135 Hefler, M., Kerrigan, V., Henryks, J., Freeman, B., & Thomas, D. P. (2019). Social media and health information sharing among Australian Indigenous people. Health Promotion International , 34 (4), 706-715. https://doi.org/10.1093/heapro/day018 Australian Bureau of Statistics. (2020-21). National Study of Mental Health and Wellbeing . ABS. https://www.abs.gov.au/statistics/health/mental-health/national-study-mental-health-and- wellbeing/latest-release . Goyal, A. K., & Saini, J. (2019). The phantom syndrome. Indian Journal of Social Psychiatry , 35 (2), 102-107. https://doi.org/10.4103/ijsp.ijsp_63_18 Hall, J. A., & Liu, D. (2022). Social media use, social displacement, and well-being. Current Opinion in Psychology , 46 , 101339. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/j.copsyc.2022.101339 Beyens, I., Frison, E., & Eggermont, S. (2016). “I don’t want to miss a thing”: Adolescents’ fear of missing out and its relationship to adolescents’ social needs, Facebook use, and Facebook related stress. Computers in human behavior , 64 , 1-8. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2016.05.083 Scott, H., & Woods, H. C. (2018). Fear of missing out and sleep: Cognitive behavioural factors in adolescents' nighttime social media use. Journal of adolescence , 68 , 61-65. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.adolescence.2018.07.009

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Research Proposal 19 Farquhar, L., & Davidson, T. (2014). Facebook Frets: The Role Of Social Media Use In Predicting Social And Facebook-Specific Anxiety. Journal of the Alabama Academy of Science , 85 (1). Labrague, L. J. (2014). Facebook use and adolescents' emotional states of depression, anxiety, and stress. Health science journal , 8 (1), 80. Kremer, P., Elshaug, C., Leslie, E., Toumbourou, J. W., Patton, G. C., & Williams, J. (2014). Physical activity, leisure-time screen use and depression among children and young adolescents. Journal of science and medicine in sport , 17 (2), 183-187. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jsams.2013.03.012 Earl, R. (2011). The impact of online social participation on social capital and mental health outcomes of young adults: A systematic review & participation and quality of life of young adults living in Western Australia. Karim, F., Oyewande, A. A., Abdalla, L. F., Ehsanullah, R. C., & Khan, S. (2020). Social media use and its connection to mental health: a systematic review. Cureus , 12 (6). https://doi.org/10.7759/cureus.8627 Longest, K., & Kang, J.-A. (2022). Social media, social support, and mental health of young adults during COVID-19. Frontiers in Communication , 7 , 828135. https://doi.org/10.3389/fcomm.2022.828135 Rosen, L. D., Whaling, K., Rab, S., Carrier, L. M., & Cheever, N. A. (2013). Is Facebook creating “iDisorders”? The link between clinical symptoms of psychiatric disorders and technology use, attitudes and anxiety. Computers in human behavior , 29 (3), 1243-1254. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2012.11.012

Research Proposal 20 Becker, M. W., Alzahabi, R., & Hopwood, C. J. (2013). Media multitasking is associated with symptoms of depression and social anxiety. Cyberpsychology, behavior, and social networking , 16 (2), 132-135. https://doi.org/10.1089/cyber.2012.0291 Althubaiti, A. (2016). Information bias in health research: definition, pitfalls, and adjustment methods. Journal of multidisciplinary healthcare , 211-217. https://doi.org / 10.2147/JMDH.S104807 Frost, R. L., & Rickwood, D. J. (2017). A systematic review of the mental health outcomes associated with Facebook use. Computers in human behavior , 76 , 576-600. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2017.08.001 Steers, M. L. N., Wickham, R. E., & Acitelli, L. K. (2014). Seeing everyone else's highlight reels: How Facebook usage is linked to depressive symptoms. Journal of Social and Clinical Psychology , 33 (8), 701-731. https://doi.org/10.1521/jscp.2014.33.8.701 Tandoc Jr, E. C., Ferrucci, P., & Duffy, M. (2015). Facebook use, envy, and depression among college students: Is facebooking depressing?. Computers in human behavior , 43 , 139- 146. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2014.10.053 Feinstein, B. A., Hershenberg, R., Bhatia, V., Latack, J. A., Meuwly, N., & Davila, J. (2013). Negative social comparison on Facebook and depressive symptoms: Rumination as a mechanism. Psychology of popular media culture , 2 (3), 161 https://doi.org/10.1037/a0033111 Frison, E., & Eggermont, S. (2015). The impact of daily stress on adolescents’ depressed mood: The role of social support seeking through Facebook. Computers in Human Behavior , 44 , 315-325. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2014.11.070

Research Proposal 21 Grieve, R., Indian, M., Witteveen, K., Tolan, G. A., & Marrington, J. (2013). Face-to-face or Facebook: Can social connectedness be derived online?. Computers in human behavior , 29 (3), 604-609. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2012.11.017 Mota Pereira, J. (2014). Facebook enhances antidepressant pharmacotherapy effects. The Scientific World Journal , 2014 . https://doi.org/10.1155/2014/892048 Appendix

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Research Proposal 22 Figure 1: A Graph showing the consistent rise of social media. Source: ( Ortiz-Ospina & Roser, 2023).

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EFFECTS OF SOCIAL MEDIA USE ON DEPRESSION AND ANXIETY OF YOUNG ADULTS

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