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Nov 24, 2024

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Hurain Fatima Roll no # 18 Abstracts: 2004

( 1 ) Positive Effects of Stressful Life Events: Posttraumatic Psychological Growth Following Divorce The aim of this study is to a) validate and compare single and multi-factor models of the posttraumatic psychological growth construct, b) clarify the relationship between post-divorce adjustment and posttraumatic psychological growth, and c) examine the effects of social support and coping styles on post-divorce adjustment and posttraumatic psychological growth, including gender differences. It was hypothesized that social support would mediate the effect of independent variables on both dependent variables and women would receive higher levels of social support than men, and also experience higher levels of posttraumatic growth following divorce. One hundred-forty participants completed questionnaires measuring demographic variables as well as appraised stress, perceived social support, coping styles, adjustment to divorce, and posttraumatic psychological growth. Factor analyses confirmed the multi- dimensional structure of the Post-Traumatic Growth Inventory and the uni-dimensional structure of the Stress-Related Growth Scale. Hierarchical regression analyses were conducted to examine the contributions of factors to the prediction of successful post-divorce adjustment and posttraumatic growth. Gender, education level, emotional stability, agreement with the custody decision, and perceived social support predicted both dependent measures. Appraised stress and coping style also predicted divorce adjustment. The number of years since the divorce and counseling related to divorce moderated the effect of appraised stress on divorce adjustment. A new relationship moderated the effect of appraised stress on posttraumatic growth. Perceived social support mediated the effect of independent variables on both dependent variables. Women reported higher levels of perceived social support than men, and reported higher levels of

posttraumatic growth following divorce. Domains of post-divorce adjustment and posttraumatic psychological growth were compared and a model of adjustment and growth is proposed. Implications for further research on posttraumatic growth and post-divorce adjustment are discussed. Understanding the complex interactions between the individual, social, and divorce characteristics that influence post-divorce adjustment and subsequent posttraumatic growth may enhance clinicians’ interventions with this population. Continued research in the area of posttraumatic psychological growth will shed important light on the origins, development, and maintenance of mental throughout the lifespan[ CITATION Gra04 \l 1033 ]. ( 2 ) The Divorce Generation: Well-Being, Family Attitudes, and Socioeconomic Consequences of Marital Disruption The aim of this study is to examine the mean differences in measures of well-being, family attitudes, and socioeconomic status for individuals divorced, remarried, or in a first marriage. It was hypothesized that low levels of well-being would be seen in separated/divorced individuals and better well-being would be observed in remarried individuals. The data was taken from the General Social Survey (GSS). The sample individuals were first married between 1965 and 1975, of which 48 percent reported being divorced or separated from their spouses. Overall, our comparisons support the divorce-stress-adjustment perspective in that the divorced/separated report the lowest levels of well-being relative to those in their first marriage, and they support the protective effect of marriage as remarried individuals report higher levels of well-being relative to the still divorced or separated. In comparison with both married groups, the divorced/separated report poorer health (based on a self-rating ranging from 1 for poor to 4 for excellent) and more dissatisfaction with their health (based on rating from 1 for a great deal of

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satisfaction to 7 for no satisfaction). This research on remarriage can be used to better inform social policy which is aimed at encouraging and stabilizing the unions. Policy efforts can play a role in reducing the negative effects of divorce and can also encourage and support remarriage. More supportive programs and policies aimed at strengthening remarriages and assisting couples in the blending of new families will likely reduce the negative social and health outcomes experienced by the divorced population (Forste, 2004). ( 3 ) Lost and Found Possible Selves, Subjective Well-Being, and Ego Development in Divorced Women The aim of this study is to explore the relationship between lost and found selves, subjective well-being and ego development in divorced women. It was hypothesized that the lost possible self would be negatively related to subjective well-being and the current possible self would be positively related to the subjective well-being of divorced women. The sample was divorced women, who had been married for an average of 22 years, and they wrote narrative descriptions of their best possible future selves before the divorce (retrospectively) and after the divorce, rated the salience of these narratives, and completed measures of SWB and ED. Independent raters coded the narratives for amount of elaboration (i.e., vivid detail). The salience of the lost possible self was negatively related to SWB while the salience of the current possible self was positively related to SWB. Elaboration of the found possible self was associated with concurrent ED as well as ED two years later. Lost self-elaboration interacted with time since divorce to predict ED, controlling for age and Time 1 ED. Results are interpreted as indicating that, while happiness may require us to avoid thinking about what might have been, maturity might require an awareness of the losses and sacrifices of adulthood. The present study will help us in better

understanding of the behavior that is exhibited by divorced women because of the drastic change in their subjective well-being and it gives awareness to the divorced women to take their behaviors seriously and to consult some psychologist (King, 2004). ( 4 ) Self-Reported Reasons for Divorce and Correlates of Psychological Well-Being Among Divorced Korean Immigrant Women This study aims to examine the self-reported reasons for divorce and correlates of the psychological well-being of divorced Korean immigrant women. It was hypothesized that the reason behind the Korean immigrant women divorce would be that their husbands were abusive and reasons behind the divorce would be the significant predictor of psychological well-being of women. Data were collected from 73 divorced Korean immigrant women. A non-probability convenience sample was recruited through ethnic newspaper advertisements, a support group for single Korean women, social service agencies, and snowball referrals. Face-to-face interviews were conducted to collect the data through self-reported measures. The majority of Korean immigrant women in the study cite their ex-husbands' concrete abusive/negative behaviors and financial problems as their reasons for divorce, while non-Korean American women have tended to report abstract and affective reasons. Patterns of reasons for divorce reported by women in the study seem to be related to their difficult post-divorce experiences. Results from a multiple regression analysis reveal two predictors of the psychological well-being of divorced women: self-reported health status and self-reported reason for divorce. This study helps in the understanding of emotional challenges which can help in providing appropriate support and counseling. This research may highlight the importance of financial empowerment and assistance programs to help divorced women become more financially stable (Chang, 2004).

( 5 ) Single Asian American Women as a Result of Divorce: Depressive Affect and Changes in Social Support The aim of this exploratory study is to examine the relationship of the psychological and social experiences following divorce among Asian American women. It was hypothesized that the divorce would lead to depression in some Asian American women and social support would have significant effects on the well-being of women. In-depth interviews were conducted with 50 women who were divorced within the last five years residing in the San Francisco Bay Area. The study focuses on neglecting dimensions of the adjustment problems among divorced Asian American women by investigating the perceptions, thoughts, and feelings over a broad range of questions. The study findings suggest that the newly divorced are significantly more depressed. This increased depression is affected by greater economic problems, lower perceived standard of living and lesser availability of close confiding relationships. Despite its increases, divorce remains an event that brings economic and emotional hardship to these women: The greater depressive effect reflects their worsened life conditions. These divorced Asian American women face complex problems of emotional, personal, and social adjustment requiring further attention by researchers. Implications often include the need for accessible mental health services and therapy for divorced women. This can help them deal with emotional distress and build resilience (Song, 2004). ( 6 ) Divorce and Post-Divorce Adjustment of Divorced Men and Women in their 20s and 30s

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This study investigated the divorce and post-divorce adjustment of divorced men and women in their 20s and 30s and explored the sex differences. For this empirical analysis, the data was collected from 230 divorced men and women in their 20s and 30s who lived in the Seoul metropolitan area. The questionnaire for the survey dealt with demographic information and other scales. The major findings of the research project were as follows: First, although men and women experienced a similar level of pre-divorce conflicts, women were more likely to want to divorce. Second, although women had worse physical and psychological condition and more difficult problems than men after divorce, women more readily accepted their divorce reality than men. Divorce was not the best but the second-best way to escape from a bad marriage for women. The results of the current research are expected to contribute to the pre-marital preparation and divorce adjustment programs (Miai, 2004). ( 7 ) The Economic Consequences of Divorce for Women in the European Union: The Impact of Welfare State Arrangements This study aims to examine whether welfare state policies mitigate the detrimental economic effects of divorce is prompted by rising divorce rates and growing welfare dependency worries. In this study, the subject is addressed by contrasting the immediate economic effects of divorce for women across 14 European Union Member States. I show that the degree to which divorce negatively affects women's finances varies among the Member States using longitudinal data from the European Community Household Panel survey conducted from 1994 to 2000. According to multivariate analysis, welfare state policies mitigate the financial effects of divorce on women. Prior to employment-related arrangements, income-related arrangements lessen the financial burdens of divorce the most. These welfare state effects cannot be attributable to

variations in divorce rates across nations. This study helps us in the better understanding of the role of welfare state policies (Uunk, 2004). ( 8 ) Post-Divorce Adjustment and Social Relationships: A meta-analytic Review This study aims to explore the role of social relationships in adults' post-divorce adjustment through meta-analysis. It was hypothesized that social relationships would have a significant impact on post-divorce adjustment. Twenty-one studies were coded, and rich information was gained by comparing “specific relationships” (one-on-one contact with a specific person, such as a friend) with “network relationships” (being part of a group, such as a support group or church community), and by taking into account positive adjustment versus maladjustment, as well as other components of post-divorce adjustment (well-being, affect, psychopathology, and physiological symptoms). The findings indicated that social relationships during the post-divorce period are associated with higher levels of positive adjustment and lower levels of maladjustment. Network relationships are important in promoting positive adjustment, while specific relationships are important for buffering against maladjustment. This has specific implications for therapists' work with divorcing clients and for the conducting of future research (Krumrei, 2004). References

Chang, J. (2004). Self-reported reasons for divorce and correlates of psychological well-being among divorced Korean immigrant women. Journal of Divorce & Remarriage , 40 (1-2), 111-128. https://doi.org/10.1300/J087v40n01_08 Forste, R., & Heaton, T. B. (2004). The divorce generation: Well-being, family attitudes, and socioeconomic consequences of marital disruption. Journal of Divorce & Remarriage , 41 (1-2), 95-114. https://doi.org/10.1300/J087v41n01_06 Graff-Reed, R. L. (2004). Positive effects of stressful life events: Psychological growth following divorce (Doctoral dissertation, Miami University). King, L. A., & Raspin, C. (2004). Lost and found possible selves, subjective well‐being, and ego development in divorced women. Journal of personality , 72 (3), 603-632. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.0022-3506.2004.00274.x Song, Y. I. (2004). Single Asian American women as a result of divorce: Depressive affect and changes in social support. Journal of divorce & remarriage, 14 (3-4), 219-230. Miai, S. (2004). Divorce and post-divorce adjustment of divorced men and women in their 20s and 30s. Journal of the Korean Home Economics Association , 42 (12), 141-160. Uunk, W. (2004). The economic consequences of divorce for women in the European Union: The impact of welfare state arrangements. European Journal of Population/Revue europeenne de demographie , 20 , 251-285. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10680-004-1694-0 Krumrei, E., Coit, C., Martin, S., Fogo, W., & Mahoney, A. (2007). Post-divorce adjustment and social relationships: A meta-analytic review. Journal of Divorce & Remarriage , 46 (3-4), 145- 166. https://doi.org/10.1300/J087v46n03_09

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