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1-2 Short Paper Katelyn Welshonse Southern New Hampshire University PSY321: Child Development Justin Geiger May 6, 2023

“C hild development , the growth of perceptual, emotional, intellectual , and behavioral capabilities and functioning during childhood .” (Encyclopedia Britannica, 2022) Theorists have looked at the development of children for centuries. Asking themselves why children behave the way they do, how do different children learn, and wondering how a child’s environment and genetics affect how a child will learn. There have been multiple theorists over the years that have looked into child development at different angles. Where Sigmund Freud believed development ended at adolescence with sexual maturity, Erik Erikson believed that development was continuous. Children come in all different shapes, sizes, learning abilities, and from different environments. The reason that we study child development is to be able to get a better understanding of children and the developmental process so we can find ways to help children who are not meeting their milestones. Neurodivergent children will learn at a different pace and in a different way than most Neurotypical children. Different ailments will affect the basic physical and learning abilities of children making some processes harder to learn. Sigmund Freud focused on a Psychosexual theory that theorized that child development ended in adolescence with sexual maturity. “Freud shocked his contemporaries by arguing that the behavior of children- even infants- is motivated by a need to satisfy the fundamental sex drive” (Lightfoot, 2018). Freud focused on the different stages according to age on how different needs were met through out development. Starting with Oral stage in the first year. This stage consisted of the need to suckle and or bite to satisfy the pleasurable sensations in the mouth. In the Second year he called it the Anal stage, this stage was in relation to the child learning to control elimination. Third to Sixth year focused on the Phallic stage, Freud believed that in this stage the child is developing sexual curiosity such as masturbation and fantasies. Seventh year

through Puberty was called the Latency stage where children are focusing more on skills and suppressing what he called their sexual urges. Like staged before Freud believed that development ended in adolescence at the genital stage where full sexual maturity was reached. Erik Erikson focused in a general area of where Freud based his theory off of, though his theories were not based on sexual pleasures. “Erikson emphasized social and cultural factors, rather than biological drives, as the major force behind development” (Lightfoot, 2018) Where Freud believed that development stopped at adolescence, Erikson believed that development went through your entire life into your old age. When it comes to my person believes on development I agree with Erikson on the length of development. Erikson’s theory of development started with the first year where the child learns to Trust or mistrust those around them who care for their basic needs. Second year focuses on Autonomy versus shame and doubt where the child is learning to control themselves and also become uncertain on what they are able to do by themselves. Third to sixth year focuses on Initiative versus guild, the child is learning to start activities on their own and celebrate in their own accomplishments but can feel guilty for becoming more independent. Seventh year through puberty focuses on industry versus inferiority, where the child is learning how those around them react to what they are doing and comparing themselves to those around them. Adolescence is the Identity stage, where a child is starting to learn and be confused about who they are and what they are planning for their future. Early Adulthood is a focus on Intimacy, a need and want to find someone so they are not risking loneliness. Middle age is Generativity, at this age the focus is work and raising the family you have created. Finally Erikson ends at old age which is Integrity where a person focuses on their life choices and how they feel about what they either have or have not achieved.

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Jean Piaget theory of Cognitive Development “ seeks to describe and explain the development of thought processes and mental states.” (Cherry, 2023) Piagets theory was based from around Birth to the age 19. With his stages for cognitive development falling into four different categories. Birth to the age 2 was the sensorimotor stage. In this stage focues with 6 substages of development. As the child grows and begins to realize the world outside of just them they begin to interact with it in specific ways. Ages 2 through 6 is the preoperational stage, children are realizing the reality of what’s around them. They are beginning to notice words, images, and gestures though they are still considered confused about relations at this stage. Ages 6 to 12 is the Concrete operational stage. Children here are entering what is considered middle childhood. They are beginning to understand logical systems and situations and learning operations that are considered concrete when they are carried out in front of the objects the thoughts are related to. These theorists are just 3 of the major theorists that focused on child development. Having an understanding of different situations from different points of view from many theorists has given us a wide range basis, but also focused, to be able to look at the development of children. With the different stages they have shown we are able to know now that if a child isn’t meeting different milestones there could be a delay within their learning. What the work of not just these 3 theorists but all of the theorists that have studied child development and learning has taught us when to know something could be off. This shows us why the study of child development is so important. No one child is the same and with the information provided to us by past, present, and future studies we are able to help all children in different ways that will benefit them the best.

References. Cherry, K. (2023, March 13). Influential theories about how children grow and develop . Verywell Mind. Retrieved May 6, 2023, from https://www.verywellmind.com/child- development-theories-2795068 Encyclopædia Britannica, inc. (n.d.). Child development . Encyclopædia Britannica. Retrieved May 6, 2023, from https://www.britannica.com/science/child-development-process Lightfoot, C., Cole, M., & Cole, S. (2018). The development of children . Worth Publishers/ macmillan education.

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