5-2 Journal_ PSY 314

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Reflection II Rachel Marsh 5-2 Journal: Reflection II Southern New Hampshire University Disorders of Child and Adolescence PSY 314 Dr. Megan Baril November 26, 2023 1

Reflection II Adverse childhood experiences (ACEs) are traumatic moments or experiences that can potentially leave lasting effects on a child. Research has substantiated that ACEs have the potential to create maladaptive behaviors and reactions to daily stressors (Boullier & Blair, 2018). Furthermore, ACEs alter the brain’s development, resulting in various negative outcomes, such as a lack of self-awareness, cognitive deficits, and a higher risk for poor overall well-being (Boullier & Blair, 2018). ACEs further increase the risk of criminality, victimization, and the development of physical, mental, emotional, and social health issues. Despite their negative connotations, ACEs are quite common. In the U.S., 64% of adults have reported experiencing at least one ACE before 18 (Boullier & Blair, 2018). In data targeting the commonality of ACEs in extreme circumstances, 17.3% or 1 in 6 U.S. adults reported experiencing four or more ACEs (Boullier & Blair, 2018). ACEs in the behavioral health field, such as social work, are limited. Notwithstanding this, Black, Jeffreys, and Hartley (1993) found a strong correlation between ACEs and individuals pursuing social work occupations (Esaki & Larkin Holloway, 2013). Research has suggested that the presence of ACEs in clinicians and practitioners of social work or behavioral health settings may influence perceptions and biases. In translation, a history of ACEs in a behavioral health or social work employee is more likely to acknowledge and accept perceived traits and characteristics of trauma and child maltreatment and relinquish biases compared to workers who have no ACEs history. Due to the proximity to trauma, clinicians, practitioners, caregivers, and other individuals in the behavioral health field are more likely to develop compassion fatigue, secondary traumatic stress, and vicarious trauma. Esaki and Larkin Holloway (2013) conducted a study to depict the presence of ACEs in social work professions. It was found that 70% of respondents reported at least one ACE, 54% reported two or more, and 2

Reflection II 16% reported four or more. (Esaki & Larkin Holloway, 2013). Compared to the general population, I compared with the majority. I have only one ACE that I identified. Frequently in my childhood, my parents would swear or refer to us as “worthless” when we could not complete the task or meet their extreme expectations. The first question on the survey was my only ACE; however, based on the data, I compared it with at least 64% of the population. I compare with 5.3% of the population in my age group. My ACE score is triangulated from the category of abuse and the subcategory of emotional abuse. Based on the statistics, I compare with 13.1 % of the population - female who experienced emotional abuse. In comparison to data from Esaki & Larkin Holloway (2013), my score compares with 16.1% of the population working in the behavioral health or social work fields. Furthermore, I compare to 31.8% of the occupational population in the variable of humiliation or threat from a household member (Esaki & Larkin Holloway, 2013). Based on the data, ACEs were more prominent in “women ages 25 to 34, non-Hispanic American Indian or Alaska Native adults, non-Hispanic multiracial adults, adults with less than a high school education, and adults who were unemployed or unable to work” (Swedo et al., 2023). Despite this, there are limitations to this data, as it does not individuate contextual implications to the range, severity, or frequency of ACEs (Swedo et al., 2023). The presence of ACEs in the current data substantiates that they are common; however, they are not evenly distributed throughout the population. The data suggest that the pattern in individuals and the number of ACEs was spread across many jurisdictions and sociodemographic groups. Therefore, the differing patterns in these factors demonstrate that further research at a jurisdictional level is necessary to gain more breadth of the issue and identify populations more affected by ACEs or ACE-related outcomes (Swedo et al., 2023). 3

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Reflection II As the re-enactment of traumatic situations is a common phenomenon, my knowledge and experience associated with ACEs have a huge influence on my career in forensic psychology. Forensic psychologists rely on psychological evaluations, family history, and various other reports to compile an unbiased evaluation of an individual. In an evaluation or testimony as an expert witness, the understanding of how ACEs impacted the individual or case provides the jury and the court with more understanding of the case’s psychological and developmental nature. ACEs can potentially have long-lasting negative outcomes; therefore, their presence in evaluations, such as child custody cases or criminal cases, is important to acknowledge when presenting your facts to the court or jury. References Boullier, M., & Blair, M. (2018). Adverse Childhood Experiences. Paediatrics and Child Health , 4

Reflection II 28 (3), 132–137. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.paed.2017.12.008 Esaki, N., & Larkin Holloway, H. (2013). Prevalence of Adverse Childhood Experiences (ACES) Among Child Service Providers. Families in Society: The Journal of Contemporary Social Services , 94 (1), 31–37. https://doi.org/10.1606/1044-3894.4257 National Center for Injury Prevention and Control. (2023, June 29). Fast Facts: Preventing Adverse Childhood Experiences . Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. https://www.cdc.gov/violenceprevention/aces/fastfact.html Swedo, E. A., Aslam, M. V., Dahlberg, L. L., Holditch Niolon, P., Guinn, A. S., Simon, T. R., & Mercy, J. A. (2023). Prevalence of Adverse Childhood Experiences Among U.S. Adults — Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System, 2011–2020. Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report (MMWR) , 72 (26), 707–715. https://doi.org/http://dx.doi.org/10.15585/mmwr.mm7226a2 . 5

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