L. Hughes Human Development Mod 5 Essay

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1 | P a g e Latia Hughes Aspen University JO8- Mod 4-Sect 1 Dr. Joanna Oestmann 05/03/2021 Adolescent Development

2 | P a g e pubertal timing on adolescent development: When young individuals begin puberty earlier than their peers, the transformation seems to be tense especially for girls. Although, early maturing girls will be at risk of a range of psychosocial problems such depression, early sexual behaviors, and substance use (Wier, 2016). Puberty is a process that is triggered by the pituitary gland when it releases hormones that signal the body to increase the production of sex hormones of estrogen and progesterone in girls or testosterone in boys which causes the development of secondary sexual characteristics. With girls, between the ages of eight to thirteen is when breast develop and ends when they have their first period. Last, for boy’s puberty begins between the ages of nine to fourteen where their sexual organs start to grow and wrapping up with facial hair, plus a deepened voice (Wier, 2016). risk factors for anorexia nervosa and bulimia nervosa: Both anorexia and bulimia are eating disorders that have similar symptoms such as distorting one’s body image and characterized by different food-related behaviors. Anorexia stems from an altered body image that results from emotional trauma, anxiety, or even depression. Although, some individuals seem to view extreme dieting or weight loss to regain control of their lives (Zelman et al., 2015). There are various emotional, physical, including behavioral symptoms that will signal anorexia which can be not only show physical symptoms but will be life-threatening such as dehydration, dry jaundice skin, unable to tolerate cold, and insomnia. Bulimia is the unhealthy relationship with food that is developed over time. The individual will be caught up in damaging cycles of binge eating then panic about the calories

3 | P a g e that were consumed and due to this behavior, it can lead to extreme behaviors to prevent weight gain (Zelman et al., 2015). findings that challenge Piaget’s notion of a new: When it comes to theories pertaining to psychology that are subjected by careful scientific testing although grand theories such as Piaget require a cautious assessment because they are so sweeping in nature which is helpful in so many ways. Based on new evidence that has came to light the theory should be revised (Berk, 2018). Development psychologists have recommended a revision in Piaget’s theory in respect of the three important issues such as the cognitive abilities of infants and preschooler, the importance of social interactions between children and caregivers pertaining to the child’s cognitive development, plus the distinctness of stages of cognitive development (Berk, 2018). personal and contextual factors that promote identity development: Developing an identity during the adolescent stage is an important step as an individual moves toward becoming a productive and content adult. An identity involves the defining of who you are, one’s values, and the direction that one chooses to pursue in their life (Rudolph et al., 2014). The factors that promote identity development in adolescents such as age, social skills, health, gender, intelligence, including physical appearance. As for the contextual factors, they consist of the exposure to media, family, experiences while in school, the beliefs of the society, including friends (Rudolph et al., 2014). ideal reciprocity contributes to moral development:

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4 | P a g e During the middle of adolescence between the ages of ten and twelve is when kids start to demonstrate an understanding about “ideal reciprocity”, which is a method for figuring out what is reasonable pertaining to the correspondence between relationship accomplices and craving to treat others well and expecting the same in return (Berk, 2018). The usage of ideal reciprocity is established at a young age as they begin to settle on moral choices which depends on how they might want other to treat them if the tables were turned, as opposed to depending on what they will pick up by themselves. Kohlberg’s Stages 3 and 4 morally mature constructions: When it comes to stage three, kids need the support of others and act in approaches to maintain a strategic distance from objection. Attention is put into great conduct and individuals being pleasant to other people (Berk, 2018). Although, when it comes to stage four, children randomly acknowledge principles and exhibit because of their importance in holding up a working society. These very same principles are viewed just the same for everybody and obeying the rules by doing what one is assumed to do is viewed as being important. Furthermore, the thinking in this stage is past the requirement for singular endorsement which is displayed in stage three. Last, most dynamic people within the society stay at stage four, where the ethical quality is still overwhelmingly managed by an outside power (Berk, 2018). distinct positive functions of friendships, cliques, and crowds in adolescence: During the adolescent stage, they are greatly affected by the friendships, cliques, and crowds that they are apart of as a few positive aspects of this are a spread of interpersonal skills and the development in their very own self-idea (Berk, 2018). Kids generally enhance their

5 | P a g e people capabilities and get a better know-how of how to navigate the arena also being part of a social group can help children experience socially supported and well-known. Last, there are instances whereas friendships, cliques, including crowds can harm an individual’s wellness. For example, if a person is separated from a clique at school, the person will sense the alienation and be unwelcomed. Thus, this can harm their mental health and if someone is in a bad friendship with another person that does not treat them well, then they are able to wallow in periods of low self-esteem (Berk, 2018). adolescent girls at greater risk for depression and adolescent boys at greater risk for suicide: Adolescent girls are at a higher risk for depression as opposed to boys because depression is connected to female hormonal changes as studies show and suggest that the estrogen increases the stress response within the prefrontal cortex (Nolen-Hoeksema et al., 2014). Though, the sex difference in depression may result from increased exposure to stressors and hormonally linked high stress sensitivity in girls. Young girls tend to experience more interpersonal stress than boys which may contribute to girls increased risk for depression also the theory of co-ruminating recommends that while girls build more intimate relationships that it may lead to higher levels of stress and anxiety (Nolen-Hoeksema et al., 2014). On the other hand, while girls are more sensitive than boys which places them for a greater risk for depression as opposed to boys. However, boys have a greater risk of committing suicide because boys tend to have more adaptive problems than girls as well as being more susceptible to alcohol provoked suicidal behavior than girls. Finally, though girls are at risk for depression and anxiety whereas boys are more likely to display conduct disorders or aggressive behavior which is contributed to suicidal tendencies (Nolen-Hoeksema et al., 2014).

6 | P a g e References Berk, L. E. (2018). Development through the lifespan (7th ed.). Boston: Pearson. Nolen-Hoeksema, S., & Girgus, J. S. (1994). The emergence of gender differences in depression during adolescence. Psychological Bulletin, 115, 424–443. Rudolph, K. D., Troop-Gordon, W., Lambert, S. F., & Natsuaki, M. N. (2014). Long-term consequences of pubertal timing for youth depression: Identifying personal and contextual pathways of risk. Development and Psychopathology, 26, 1423-1444. Weir, K. (March 2016). The risks of earlier puberty. Monitor on Psychology, 47(3). http://www.apa.org/monitor/2016/03/puberty Zelman, M., Raymond, J., Dafnis, E., Holdaway, P., & Mulvihill, M. L. (2015). Human diseases: A systematic approach. Boston, MA: Pearson.

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