Study Guide - Exam 1

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Psychology of Learning Study Guide Exam 1 Chapter 1 Topics 1. Learning is a relatively permanent change in behavior that results from some type of experience. The change is not necessarily immediate. -- 2. Behavior is any activity of an organism that can be observed or somehow measured. – Anxiety 3. If your friend smiles after you give her a compliment, you are more likely to compliment her in the future. This would be an example of operant conditioning. – negative reinforcement by taking something away or positive rein. By adding a punisher 4. What is introspection? – method of looking within to describe emotions 5. Bandura’s interpretation of the Social Learning Theory is more closely aligned to Tolman’s approach than Hull’s approach to behaviorism. 6. What is natural selection? – 7. What is a nativist perspective? - A person believes you are born with knowledge 8. What is an empiricist perspective? -- You gain knowledge through experience e.g. Allison believes that great scientists have simply been given superior training, whereas Jason (who has a nativist perspective) believes that great scientists are born and not made. Jason is best described as a nativist. 9. A mental representation of one’s spatial surroundings is a cognitive map. – Tolman created this. 10. What is the law of contiguity? Provide an example. – events that occur in close proximity and get associated together. Eg. Thunder and lightning 11. What is the law of frequency? – how things can be easily associated together because of their occurrence I time. 12. When Danielle first saw Gina, she immediately thought of Reese Witherspoon. Among the four laws of association, this is most likely an example of the law of similarity . 13. Descartes suggested that at least some types of behaviors are mechanistic and can therefore be scientifically investigated. - 14. Descartes also strongly believed that there is a fundamental difference between humans and animals. He believed that only humans possess free will, while the behavior of nonhuman animals is entirely reflexive.

Psychology of Learning Study Guide Exam 1 15. Latent learning illustrates a distinction between learning and performance. For example, if Reese sits throughout lecture and does nothing, but afterwards can repeat everything the professor said, this is an example of latent learning. Chapter 2 Topics 1. Which method of research doesn’t involve manipulation of variables? – Descriptive research 2. What is a functional relationship? – cause and effect relationship between the variables 3. What is a variable? – thing that can very over time in an experiment 4. If you are conducting an experiment and investigating sleep deprivation, in your study sleep deprivation is your mediating variable. If you are experimenting with the effects of sleep deprivation on memory, sleep deprivation is an independent variable. The independent variable is the aspect of an experiment that is made to systematically vary across the different conditions in the experiment. In other words, the independent variable is what is manipulated in an experiment. 5. A stimulus is any event that can potentially influence behavior, and a response is a particular instance of a behavior. – if Jan says boo and Tyler jumps out, the jump is the response and Jan saying boo is stimulus 6. If there is a relationship between weight gain and eating chocolate chip cookies, this can be defined as a functional relationship in which you can make cause and effect statements. 7. If a certain diet affects the extent to which one is likely to acquire a certain disease, then there is a functional relationship between the diet and the disease. 8. A stimulus is any event that can potentially influence behavior. Light, sound, and odor are examples of stimuli. For example, if your brother slams a door loudly, then you jump in fright, this is an example of how the sound is a stimulus. 9. What is covert and overt behavior? Covert is behavior that is perceived only by the person performing that behavior. Overt is 10. The main advantage of experimental research over descriptive research is the ability to discover a cause and effect relationship. – Ex. Smoking cigarettes and developing cancer 11. What is an example of a dependent variable? – Grades 12. A cumulative recorder measures the rate of behavior. – charting aggression in a classroom 13. The case study approach involves the intensive study of a single individual. – studying a rare

Psychology of Learning Study Guide Exam 1 disorder 14. Attrition the most obvious issue to consider in a longitudinal design. – attrition is people dropping out of the study 15. What is a longitudinal study? – same participants are tested on 2 or more occasions over a duration of time 16. What is a quasi-experimental study? – experiment where at least one of the IV’s can not have random assignment 17. In which kind of research studies are participants randomly assigned to levels of an independent variable? Experimental research 18. What is Interobserver reliability? – 90% is best, 80% is acceptable Chapter 3 Topics 1. What is a fixed action pattern? A fixed action pattern is a fixed sequence of responses elicited by a specific stimulus. An example is web building by spiders. Ex. Nest building, squirrels burring nuts 2. Svitlana once received a bite while holding her hamster and is now quite fearful each time she holds it. In this example, the act of holding the hamster has become a conditioned stimulus. Hamster was an unconditioned stimulus before she was bitten 3. Josie’s best friend started making fun of her clothes at school. Now when Josie sees her best friend, she feels anxious. In this example, her concern about being made fun of is a conditioned response. Another Ex. Fear induced from bite of an animal. 4. What is sensitization? – having an increased reactivity to all environmental events following exposure to an intense stimulus 5. What is Trace conditioning? 6. Seema once received a shock while plugging in her toaster and is now quite fearful each time she uses it. In this example, the toaster was originally a neutral stimulus with respect to fear. Toaster is now conditioned stimulus 7. In delayed conditioning , the onset of the NS precedes the onset of the US, and the two stimuli overlap. For example, if we want a rat to associate a tone with a brief shock, we first present the tone and then, while the tone is still on, present a shock. 8. An increase in the strength of an elicited behavior following repeated presentations of the eliciting stimulus is known as sensitization.

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Psychology of Learning Study Guide Exam 1 9. In Pavlov’s basic classical conditioning procedure, the sound of a metronome was originally a neutral stimulus since it did not elicit salivation – after salivation, the sound is now conditioned stimulus 10. When workers down the street began using a jackhammer, and at first it interrupts your studying, but after time, your no longer bothered by the noise, this is an example of habituation. 11. What is a reflex? Automatic response to a stimulus 12. What is Habituation?

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