PSYCH-FPX4700_TemenMelissa_Assessment1

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PSYC-FP4700 Assessment 1 Worksheet Assessment 1 – Basics of Research and Statistics, Frequency Distributions, Percentiles, and Graphical Representations Complete the following problems within this Word document. Do not submit other files. Show your work for problem sets that require calculations. Ensure that your answer to each problem is clearly visible. You may want to highlight your answer or use a different type color to set it apart. Problem Set 1.1: Identifying Variables (Dependent, Independent, Quasi- Independent) Criterion: Identify dependent and independent variables. Instructions: For the following list of examples, identify the dependent variable and independent (or quasi-independent) variable. 1. A researcher tests whether cocaine use increases impulsive behavior in a sample of cocaine-dependent and cocaine-inexperienced mice. Independent Variable: cocaine use Quasi-Independent Variable: mice Dependent Variable : impulsive behavior 2. A professor tests whether students perform better on a multiple-choice or fill-in-the-blank test format. Independent Variable: test format Quasi-Independent Variable: students Dependent Variable: better performance 3. A researcher tests whether smoking by parents influences children’s attitudes toward smoking behavior. Independent Variable: smoking parents Quasi-Independent Variable: children Dependent Variable: attitude towards smoking 4. A social scientist tests whether attitudes toward morality differ based on political affiliation (Democrat or Republican). Independent Variable: morality Quasi-Independent Variable: political affiliation Dependent Variable: Attitude 5. A cultural researcher tests whether individuals from different cultures share or differ in the belief that dreams have meaning. 1

Independent Variable: culture Quasi-Independent Variable: individual Dependent Variable: belief Problem Set 1.2: Understanding Sample and Population Criterion: Describe the relationship between population and sample. Instructions: Read the following and answer the question. Height and educational attainment: Szklarska et al. (2007) hypothesized that taller young men are more likely to move up the scale of educational attainment compared with shorter individuals from the same social background. They recruited 91,373 nineteen-year-old men to participate in the study. Do these participants most likely represent a sample or population? Explain. These participants represent a sample of the population. It is unrealistic to measure the entire population of young men; the population is too large. The research becomes more manageable by selecting 91,373 participants as a representation of the whole population. Problem Set 1.3: Create a dataset for use in JASP Criterion: Enter and display data for use in JASP. Data: Five social media users spent the following number of minutes viewing Twitter: 15.21, 46.18, 12.45, 65.486, 26.852. Instructions: Use the supplied data to complete the steps below. 1. Open Excel. 2. In cell A1, type Minutes . The variable of Minutes is continuous. 3. In cells A2-A6, enter the supplied data in the column labeled Minutes. 4. Save your dataset as a .csv file 5. Open JASP. 6. In the sandwich menu, scroll down to OPEN, then select COMPUTER. Locate your .csvile and click it to open it. 7. Take a screenshot of your data in JASP and paste it below. 2

Problem Set 1.4.a: Grouped or Ungrouped Criterion: Explain the identification of types of data. Instruction: Fill in the table below. For each example, state whether it is grouped or ungrouped and why. Example Grouped or Ungrouped Why The time (in seconds) it takes 100 children to complete a cognitive skills game. Ungrouped The data is raw. It is not sorted into any groups. The number of single mothers with 1, 2, 3, or 4 children. Grouped The data is sorted into four groups based on the number of children they have: 1,2,3, or 4 The number of teenagers who have experimented with smoking (yes, no). Grouped The data is sorted into two groups: teenagers who have smoked and those who haven’t. The age (in years) of freshman students in a local Ungrouped The data is raw. It has not been sorted into groups of 3

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Example Grouped or Ungrouped Why college. ages (ie. 17-21, 22-26, etc.) Problem Set 1.4.b: Understanding Descriptive and Interferential Statistics Criterion: Explain the identification of types of data. Instructions: Read the following and answer the question. Gun ownership in the United States: Data from Gallup polls over a 40-year period show how gun ownership in the United States has changed. The results are described in the table below, with the percentage of Americans who own guns given in each of 5 decades: Year % 197 2 43 198 2 42 199 2 48 200 2 40 201 2 43 Source: Reported at http://www.gallup.com/poll/1645/Guns.aspx 1. Are the percentages reported here an example of descriptive statistics or inferential statistics? They are descriptive. They show the percentage of Americans with gun ownership by decade. There are no other conclusions drawn . 2. Based on the percentages given in the table, how has gun ownership in the United States changed over the past 40 years? There has not been much change in gun ownership between 1972 and 2012. Any fluctuations have been too small to show a significant increase or decrease. 4

Problem Set 1.5: Reading a Chart Criterion: Locate data on a chart. Instructions: Read the following and answer the questions. Participant Characteristics Profession Count Type Token College Professor Clinical Psychologist Unknown 24,54 1 23,61 7 479 878,261 751,188 927 Total 1,630,376 1. Do college professors or clinical psychologists in this sample speak more words overall (Token Count)? Professors 2. Do college professors or clinical psychologists in this sample speak more different words (Type Count)? Professors Problem Set 1.6: Frequencies and Percentages Criterion: Identify frequencies and percentages. Instructions: State whether a cumulative frequency, relative frequency, relative percent, cumulative relative frequency, or cumulative percent is most appropriate for describing the following situations. For cumulative distributions, indicate whether these should be summarized from the top down or from the bottom up. Data: 3. The frequency of businesses with at least 20 employees: Cumulative frequency – top down 4. The frequency of college students with less than a 3.0 GPA: Cumulative frequency – bottom up 5

5. The percentage of women completing 1, 2, 3, or 4 tasks simultaneously: Cumulative Percent 6. The proportion of pregnancies delivered in public or private hospitals: Relative Frequency 7. The percentage of alcoholics with more than 2 years of substance abuse Relative Percent – top down 8. Problem Set 1.7: Understanding Percentages Criterion: Identify distribution type and number of people. Instructions: Read the following and answer the questions. Perceptions of same-sex marriage: In June 2016, a CBS News poll asked a sample of adults worldwide whether it should be legal or not legal for same-sex couples to marry (reported at http://www.pollingreport.com). The opinions of adults worldwide were as follows: 58%, legal; 33%, not legal; and 9%, unsure/no answer. 1. What type of distribution is this? Relative Distribution 2. Knowing that 1,280 adults were polled nationwide, how many Americans polled felt that same-sex couples should be allowed to legally marry? 742 Problem Set 1.8: Create an Ascending Frequency Table in JASP Criterion: Create an ascending frequency table in JASP. Data: Use dataset clicks.jasp. This dataset is a record of the number of clicks per hour in forty different tweets. Instructions: Complete the steps below. 1. Download clicks.jasp. Double-click the icon to open the dataset in JASP. 2. In the Toolbar , click Descriptives. 3. Select Clicks and then click Arrow to send it over to the Variables box. 4. Click Tables . In the menu that opens, check Frequency Tables. 5. Copy and paste the ascending values frequency table into the Word document. Frequencies for Clicks Clicks Frequency Percent Valid Percent Cumulative Percent 0 3 7.5 7.5 7.5 1 2 5.0 5.0 12.5 2 6 15.0 15.0 27.5 3 1 2.5 2.5 30.0 4 3 7.5 7.5 37.5 5 5 12.5 12.5 50.0 6 4 10.0 10.0 60.0 7 4 10.0 10.0 70.0 8 8 20.0 20.0 90.0 6

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Frequencies for Clicks Clicks Frequency Percent Valid Percent Cumulative Percent 9 4 10.0 10.0 100.0 Missin g 0 0.0 Total 40 100.0 Note : You will continue to use this dataset in the next two problems. Problem Set 1.9 : Construct a Bar Graph in JASP Criterion: Construct a bar graph in JASP. Data: Use dataset clicks.jasp. This dataset is a record of the number of clicks per hour in forty different tweets. Instructions: Complete the following steps to create a bar chart to examine the data: 1. Download clicks.jasp. Double-click the icon to open the dataset in JASP. 2. In the Toolbar , click Descriptives. 3. Select Clicks and then click Arrow to send it over to the Variables box. 4. Click Basic Plots , then check Distribution Plots . 5. Copy and Paste the bar graph below. 6. Optional to answer: What is the shape of the distribution? 7

Distribution Plots Clicks Note : You will continue to use this dataset for the next problem. Problem Set 1.10: Construct a Pie Chart in JASP Criterion: Construct a pie chart in JASP. Data: Use dataset clicks.jasp. This dataset is a record of the number of clicks per hour in forty different tweets. Instructions: Complete the following steps to create a pie chart. 1. Download clicks.jasp. Double-click the icon to open the dataset in JASP. 2. In the Toolbar , click Descriptives. 3. Select Clicks and then click Arrow to send it over to the Variables box. 4. Click Basic Plots , then check Pie charts . 5. Copy and paste the pie graph below. 8

Pie charts Clicks 9

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