final P11B exam questions

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11B

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Psychology

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Feb 20, 2024

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### Defini(onal Ques(ons: 1. **What is the primary emphasis of developmental psychology?** - A) Study of cogni(ve processes - B) Examina(on of conscious behavior - C ) Understanding changes across the lifespan - D) Analyzing neurological development 2. **Which theorist is associated with the concept of "stages" in cogni(ve development?** - A) William James - B) Erik Erikson - C ) Jean Piaget - D) Sigmund Freud 3. **Which developmental theorist proposed the ecological systems theory?** - A) William James - B) Erik Erikson - C) Jean Piaget - D ) Urie Bronfenbrenner ### Scenario-based Ques(ons: 4. **During a research study, infants were observed exhibi(ng increased looking (me at a s(mulus, indica(ng an unexpected outcome. This technique is most closely associated with:** - A) Kohlberg's stages of moral reasoning - B) Piaget's sensorimotor stage - C) Freud's dream analysis - D ) Habitua(on and dishabitua(on in infants 5. **A child, when presented with two iden(cal glasses filled with the same amount of liquid, claims that one has more. According to Piaget, this child is likely in the:** - A ) Preopera(onal stage - B) Formal opera(onal stage - C) Sensorimotor stage - D) Concrete opera(onal stage ### Defini(onal Ques(ons: 1. **Which developmental psychologist is associated with the concept of "a[achment styles" in infants?** - A) Erik Erikson - B) Mary Ainsworth - C) Jean Piaget - D) Urie Bronfenbrenner

2. **What characterizes the concept of "gender constancy"?** - A ) Understanding that gender iden(ty is consistent regardless of behavior - B) Recogni(on of gender differences in early childhood - C) Adherence to societal gender norms - D) Acceptance of changing gender roles 3. **What defines "neuroplas(city" in the context of brain development?** - A) The brain's rigidity in adolescence - B ) The brain's ability to rewire and adapt across the lifespan - C) The stabiliza(on of synap(c connec(ons in adulthood - D) The decline in cogni(ve abili(es with age ### Scenario-based Ques(ons: 4. **A child, when presented with a mirror and a dot on their forehead, shows no response to the dot. This scenario aligns most closely with which psychological concept?** - A) Scaffolding in Vygotsky's theory - B) Theory of mind in Piaget's stages - C ) Self-awareness and the dot test in developmental psychology - D) A[achment styles according to Ainsworth's research 5. **During adolescence, increased risk-taking behaviors o‘en occur due to:** - A) Enhanced cogni(ve control - B) Fully developed prefrontal cortex - C ) Heightened reward sensi(vity before the full development of cogni(ve control - D) Decreased dopamine levels in the brain 1. **During a study session, a psychology student discusses how children go through dis(nct cogni(ve stages in their development with another student. Which psychologist's theory are they most likely referring to?** - A) Erik Erikson - B) William James - C ) Jean Piaget - D) Sigmund Freud 2. **In a developmental psychology experiment, infants are shown a toy repeatedly un(l they lose interest, then a new toy is introduced. This experiment primarily aims to explore:** - A) Sensorimotor development - B ) Habitua(on and dishabitua(on - C) Theory of mind in infants - D) Erikson's psychosocial stages

3. **A group of adolescents is part of a research study inves(ga(ng moral reasoning. They're presented with ethical dilemmas and asked to evaluate the situa(ons based on broad principles. This aligns most closely with the theories proposed by:** - A) Carl Jung - B ) Lawrence Kohlberg - C) Lev Vygotsky - D) Anna Freud 1. **In a preschool classroom, a teacher introduces a "dot test" to assess the children's self- awareness. Which of the following ages is most likely to not recognize themselves in the mirror?** - A) 2 years old - B) 4 years old - C ) 6 years old - D) 8 years old 2. **During a study on a[achment styles in infants, a researcher observes a child being distressed when separated from their caregiver. Upon their return, the child shows mixed responses by approaching the caregiver but then pushing them away. This behavior aligns most closely with:** - A) Secure a[achment - B) Insecure/avoidant a[achment - C ) Insecure/ambivalent a[achment - D) Disorganized a[achment 3. **A group of adolescents par(cipates in a test measuring their neural development. They show a significant increase in reward sensi(vity and heightened emo(onal responses. This aligns most closely with the theory proposed by:** - A) Erik Erikson - B) Jean Piaget - C) Lawrence Kohlberg - D ) The dual-systems theory 1. **During a study on gender schema development, a child is observed describing a doll as a "toy for girls" and a truck as a "toy for boys." This behavior best illustrates:** - A) Egocentrism - B) Gender constancy - C ) Gender socializa(on - D) Dual-role development

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2. **In an experiment assessing moral reasoning in adolescents, a par(cipant argues that stealing medica(on to save a loved one's life is jus(fied, regardless of the law. This response aligns most closely with which stage of moral reasoning, according to Kohlberg's theory?** - A) Preconven(onal stage - B) Conven(onal stage - C ) Postconven(onal stage - D) Dual-role stage 3. **A group of researchers conducted a test to measure cogni(ve development in children. They found that most children aged 4-6 lacked the ability to understand that quan(ty remains the same despite changes in shape. This inability to understand conserva(on aligns most closely with Piaget's stage of:** - A) Sensorimotor stage - B ) Preopera(onal stage - C) Concrete opera(onal stage - D) Formal opera(onal stage 1. **Developmental Psychology:** A researcher conducts a study tracking the same group of individuals at different (me points, observing changes in behavior and cogni(on. Which study design is being used? - A) Cross-sec(onal study - B ) Longitudinal study - C) Sequen(al study - D) Retrospec(ve study 2. **A[achment Styles:** A child is observed to be indifferent when a caregiver is present and con(nues playing when the caregiver leaves. Which a[achment style is being displayed? - A) Secure a[achment - B ) Insecure-avoidant a[achment - C) Insecure-ambivalent a[achment - D) Disorganized a[achment 3. **Cogni(ve Development:** A child believes that a tall glass contains more liquid than a short, wide glass, despite containing the same amount of liquid. This child has not yet developed: - A ) Conserva(on - B) Object permanence - C) Theory of mind - D) Symbolic representa(on 4. **Adolescent Brain Development:** Which neurological change occurs during adolescence?

- A) Increased prefrontal cortex development - B) Decreased synap(c pruning - C ) Dampened reward sensi(vity - D) Reduced myelina(on 5. **Moral Development:** According to Kohlberg's theory, a person who determines morality based on self-interest and avoiding punishment is in the: - A ) Pre-conven(onal stage - B) Conven(onal stage - C) Post-conven(onal stage - D) Pre-moral stage 6. **Psychodynamic Theory (Freud):** A child exhibits a sudden burst of anger a‘er being denied a toy. According to Freud's theory, which part of the child's psyche might be causing this reac(on? - A) Ego - B ) Id - C) Superego - D) Preconscious 7. **Late Adulthood & Cogni(ve Abili(es:** Which statement accurately reﬂects late adulthood? - A) Older adults experience a significant decrease in cogni(ve control - B) Fluid intelligence tends to decline steadily in late adulthood - C) Factors like gene(cs and physical exercise have li[le impact on mental func(oning in older adults - D ) Older adults show a decreased orienta(on toward seeking posi(ve s(muli 8. **Social and Emo(onal Development:** What type of development is typically associated with Erik Erikson's stage of "integrity vs. despair"? - A) Early adulthood - B) Middle age - C ) Later years - D) Adolescence 9. **Ecological Systems Theory (Bronfenbrenner):** The cultural factors and prevailing antudes fall under which level of inﬂuence, according to Bronfenbrenner's ecological systems? - A) Microsystem - B) Exosystem - C ) Macrosystem - D) Chronosystem

10. **Prenatal Development:** The embryonic stage of prenatal development involves: - A) Weeks 1-2 - B ) Weeks 3-8 - C) Weeks 9 to birth - D) Birth onwards 1. **Scenario - A[achment Styles:** Emma, a toddler, becomes highly distressed when her mother leaves the room. When her mother returns, Emma con(nues to cry, but she also pushes her away when her mother tries to console her. What a[achment style is Emma displaying? - A ) Ambivalent - B) Secure - C) Avoidant - D) Disorganized 2. **Scenario - Piaget's Stage of Cogni(ve Development:** Brian, a 5-year-old, plays with building blocks. He can tell you that if he stacks five blocks in one way, it's the same number as when he spreads them out in a line. What stage of cogni(ve development is Brian likely in according to Piaget? - A) Sensorimotor stage - B ) Preopera(onal stage - C) Concrete opera(onal stage - D) Formal opera(onal stage 3. **Scenario - Cogni(ve Development and Theory of Mind:** At a birthday party, Sarah sees her friend Kate open a box expec(ng a toy but finds pencils instead. Knowing what Kate expected, Sarah tells her that there are pencils inside. This situa(on reﬂects the development of which concept? - A ) Theory of mind (false belief) - B) Object permanence - C) Egocentrism - D) Opera(ons 4. **Scenario - Adolescent Brain Development:** Daniel, a 14-year-old, o‘en engages in impulsive behaviors, seeking thrills and excitement without considering the consequences. What aspect of brain development might explain his behavior? - A) Con(nued myelina(on - B) Dampened reward sensi(vity - C ) Frontal lobe development - D) Increases in cogni(ve control

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5. **Scenario - Moral Development:** At a school playground, Joe follows the rules because he fears genng punished by his teacher if he doesn't. According to Kohlberg's stages of moral development, what stage is Joe likely in? - A ) Pre-conven(onal stage - B) Conven(onal stage - C) Post-conven(onal stage - D) Abstract moral reasoning stage 1. Which developmental theory emphasizes dis(nct stages and abrupt qualita(ve changes in cogni(ve development? a. Erikson's Psychosocial Theory b. Vygotsky's Sociocultural Theory c . Piaget's Theory of Cogni(ve Development d. Kohlberg's Stages of Moral Development 2. What characterizes Mary Ainsworth's "Secure A[achment" in the Strange Situa(on experiment? a. Child is distant/aloof when the caregiver is present b . Child cries when caregiver leaves but easily soothes upon their return c. Child is unsure of what to do when caregiver leaves d. Child is upset when the caregiver leaves and inconsolable upon return 3. According to the Dual-Systems Theory, what dis(nguishes adolescent behavior? a. Higher cogni(ve control than reward sensi(vity b. More balanced reward processing and cogni(ve control systems c . Intensified reward processing compared to cogni(ve control d. Adolescents are less sensi(ve to rewards than other age groups 4. What cogni(ve milestone does the concrete opera(onal stage (Piaget's theory) mark? a. Development of Theory of Mind b. Mastering object permanence c . Manipula(ng schemas known as opera(ons. d. Understanding false beliefs. 5. Which paren(ng style involves high demands, low warmth, and limited support to children? a. Authorita(ve b . Authoritarian c. Permissive d. Disengaged 6. At what stage do children begin to think more symbolically and engage in pretend play? a. Sensorimotor stage b . Preopera(onal stage

c. Concrete opera(onal stage d. Formal opera(onal stage 7. During which developmental period does the prefrontal cortex not fully develop, impac(ng ra(onality and impulse control? a. Infancy b . Adolescence c. Early childhood d. Middle adulthood 1. **Scenario**: During a study on infant reﬂexes, researchers observed a group of infants exhibi(ng automa(c motor responses triggered by sensory s(mula(on. The study aimed to understand habitua(on and dishabitua(on through sucking reﬂexes. Which developmental concept does this scenario primarily focus on? **Ques(on**: This study primarily addresses which aspect of infant development? a. Cogni(ve milestones b . Motor development c. Emo(onal regula(on d. Social referencing 2. **Scenario**: A group of children aged 8 to 10 were given a test involving the "Dot Test" where a colored dot was placed on their nose and they were shown a mirror. Most of the children readily iden(fied themselves in the mirror with the dot on their nose. Which cogni(ve developmental stage does this scenario illustrate? **Ques(on**: The successful iden(fica(on of themselves in the mirror test indicates that these children are likely in which cogni(ve developmental stage according to Piaget's theory? a. Sensorimotor stage b. Preopera(onal stage c . Concrete opera(onal stage d. Formal opera(onal stage 3. **Scenario**: Sarah, a 14-year-old, o‘en finds herself at odds with her parents. She understands their rules but frequently seeks independence. Her parents maintain high expecta(ons but also offer warmth and support. Despite occasional disagreements, Sarah feels secure and valued within her family. **Ques(on**: Which paren(ng style best describes Sarah's parents based on the scenario? a . Authorita(ve

b. Authoritarian c. Permissive d. Disengaged 4. **Scenario**: A group of adolescents took part in a study focusing on cogni(ve and emo(onal development. The researchers found that these adolescents tended to make decisions driven by heightened reward sensi(vity rather than cogni(ve control. **Ques(on**: What theory or concept does this scenario most likely support in explaining the behavior of these adolescents? a . Dual-Systems Theory b. Piaget's Theory of Cogni(ve Development c. Kohlberg's Stages of Moral Development d. A[achment Theory 5. **Scenario**: Sarah, a 6-year-old, is observed while playing with her peers. She struggles to understand that her friend might have different thoughts about a game they are playing and o‘en insists on her own ideas. **Ques(on**: Which cogni(ve capacity is Sarah yet to fully develop, according to the theory associated with understanding others' thoughts and beliefs? a. Object permanence b. Conserva(on c . Theory of Mind d. Egocentrism 6. **Scenario**: Jason, a 12-year-old, o‘en engages in risk-taking behaviors, inﬂuenced by his peer group's choices. Despite knowing the poten(al consequences, he tends to priori(ze immediate rewards over long-term implica(ons. **Ques(on**: Which developmental theory provides insights into Jason's behavior by emphasizing a mismatch between reward processing and cogni(ve control systems? a. Piaget's Theory of Cogni(ve Development b . Dual-Systems Theory c. Erikson's Psychosocial Development d. A[achment Theory 7. **Scenario**: A study observes how children develop their sense of self based on the groups they belong to, such as iden(fying as part of a sports team or a music club.

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**Ques(on**: Which aspect of iden(ty development does this scenario primarily illustrate? a. Social clock b . Social iden(ty c. Erikson's stages of development d. Peer inﬂuence 8. **Scenario**: Emma, a 16-year-old, frequently gets into arguments with her parents about her preferences in music and clothing. She o‘en seeks approval from her peers for her choices in these aspects. **Ques(on**: Which developmental concept does this scenario best exemplify regarding Emma's behavior? a. Scaffolding b. Gender socializa(on c . Social referencing d. Iden(ty foreclosure 9. **Scenario**: Mark, a 14-year-old, finds it diﬃcult to understand why his younger brother doesn't comprehend certain concepts as easily as he does. Mark o‘en gets frustrated when his brother fails to understand things that seem obvious to him. **Ques(on**: Which cogni(ve limita(on does Mark exhibit, reﬂec(ng the inability to consider another person's perspec(ve, according to Piaget's stages? a. Object permanence b . Egocentrism c. Theory of Mind d. Conserva(on 10. **Scenario**: Lisa, a 9-year-old, becomes distressed when her parents leave for a short trip. She clings to them before their departure and is visibly relieved upon their return. **Ques(on**: Which a[achment style, as iden(fied by Mary Ainsworth's Strange Situa(on, does Lisa primarily exhibit? a . Secure a[achment b. Insecure/avoidant a[achment c. Insecure/ambivalent a[achment d. Disorganized a[achment

11. **Scenario**: Sarah, a 16-year-old, o‘en finds herself making decisions based on moral principles and personal beliefs rather than societal norms or expecta(ons. She o‘en contemplates the consequences of her ac(ons on others before making a choice. **Ques(on**: Which stage of moral reasoning, according to Kohlberg's theory, best aligns with Sarah's decision-making process? a. Pre-conven(onal b. Conven(onal c . Post-conven(onal d. Unconven(onal 12. **Scenario**: Jake, a 17-year-old, frequently seeks advice from his close friends before making decisions about his hobbies, interests, and future career aspira(ons. He strongly considers their opinions while making these choices. **Ques(on**: Which developmental concept primarily inﬂuences Jake's reliance on his peer group for decision-making? a. Iden(ty foreclosure b. Egocentrism c. Iden(ty diffusion d . Peer inﬂuence 13. **Scenario**: Ava, a 14-year-old, o‘en finds herself torn between fulfilling her familial obliga(ons and seeking personal autonomy. She wants to maintain a balance between adhering to her parents' expecta(ons and establishing her independence. **Ques(on**: Which stage of Erikson's psychosocial development best describes Ava's current conﬂict? a. Ini(a(ve vs. Guilt b. Industry vs. Inferiority c . Iden(ty vs. Role Confusion d. Autonomy vs. Shame and Doubt 14. **Scenario**: Max, a 13-year-old, engages in various pretend plays and imagina(ve ac(vi(es, o‘en transforming everyday objects into different scenarios or personas. **Ques(on**: Which stage of Piaget's cogni(ve development is Max most likely demonstra(ng through his imagina(ve play? a. Sensorimotor stage b. Preopera(onal stage

c. Concrete opera(onal stage d. Formal opera(onal stage 15. **Scenario**: Emily, a 10-year-old, realizes that her classmates may have different thoughts or beliefs about a situa(on, even if those beliefs are untrue. She understands that percep(ons can differ from reality. **Ques(on**: Which aspect of cogni(ve development, concerning understanding others' beliefs, does Emily display according to the theory of mind? a. Object permanence b. Egocentrism c. Conserva(on d . False belief understanding 16. **Scenario**: Ethan, a 19-year-old, consistently struggles to regulate his emo(ons and control impulsive behaviors, o‘en making decisions without considering the consequences. He frequently seeks immediate rewards and gra(fica(on, some(mes leading to risky behaviors. **Ques(on**: Which theore(cal framework best explains Ethan's struggle with balancing impulse control and decision-making during this developmental stage? a. Social Learning Theory b. Psychosocial Development Theory c . Dual-Systems Theory d. Socioemo(onal Selec(vity Theory 17. **Scenario**: Mia, a 12-year-old, has recently started understanding abstract concepts and has shown an interest in deba(ng philosophical ideas. She's begun contempla(ng her future career paths, considering a profession that involves complex problem-solving and cri(cal thinking. **Ques(on**: According to Piaget's stages of cogni(ve development, which stage is Mia most likely transi(oning into based on her newfound interest in abstract thinking? a. Preopera(onal stage b. Concrete opera(onal stage c. Sensorimotor stage d. Formal opera(onal stage 18. **Scenario**: Lucas, a 15-year-old, tends to challenge authority figures and established norms within his school and community. He frequently ques(ons rules and regula(ons, aiming to understand the underlying reasons behind them.

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**Ques(on**: Which aspect of iden(ty forma(on, according to Erikson's theory, is Lucas primarily exploring during this phase of his development? a. Industry vs. Inferiority b . Iden(ty vs. Role Confusion c. Genera(vity vs. Stagna(on d. Integrity vs. Despair 19. **Scenario**: Aiden, a 17-year-old, o‘en feels pressured to conform to societal expecta(ons related to his gender iden(ty. He's conﬂicted between conforming to tradi(onal gender roles and expressing his genuine preferences and interests. **Ques(on**: Which term best describes Aiden's struggle to align with societal gender norms and express his individual iden(ty? a . Gender intensifica(on b. Gender socializa(on c. Gender bias d. Gender neutrality 20. **Scenario**: Sarah, an 18-year-old, is ac(vely involved in volunteering for community service, aiming to make a meaningful impact on societal issues. She feels a strong sense of responsibility toward helping those in need and dedicates her (me to various charitable causes. **Ques(on**: Which concept from Erikson's theory of psychosocial development is Sarah most likely embodying during this phase of her life? a. Industry vs. Inferiority b. Iden(ty vs. Role Confusion c. Genera(vity vs. Stagna(on d. Integrity vs. Despair

final P11B exam questions

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