final P11B exam questions

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Psychology

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Feb 20, 2024

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### Definitional Questions: 1. **What is the primary emphasis of developmental psychology?** - A) Study of cognitive processes - B) Examination of conscious behavior - C ) Understanding changes across the lifespan - D) Analyzing neurological development 2. **Which theorist is associated with the concept of "stages" in cognitive development?** - A) William James - B) Erik Erikson - C ) Jean Piaget - D) Sigmund Freud 3. **Which developmental theorist proposed the ecological systems theory?** - A) William James - B) Erik Erikson - C) Jean Piaget - D ) Urie Bronfenbrenner ### Scenario-based Questions: 4. **During a research study, infants were observed exhibiting increased looking time at a stimulus, indicating an unexpected outcome. This technique is most closely associated with:** - A) Kohlberg's stages of moral reasoning - B) Piaget's sensorimotor stage - C) Freud's dream analysis - D ) Habituation and dishabituation in infants 5. **A child, when presented with two identical glasses filled with the same amount of liquid, claims that one has more. According to Piaget, this child is likely in the:** - A ) Preoperational stage - B) Formal operational stage - C) Sensorimotor stage - D) Concrete operational stage ### Definitional Questions: 1. **Which developmental psychologist is associated with the concept of "attachment styles" in infants?** - A) Erik Erikson - B) Mary Ainsworth - C) Jean Piaget - D) Urie Bronfenbrenner

2. **What characterizes the concept of "gender constancy"?** - A ) Understanding that gender identity is consistent regardless of behavior - B) Recognition of gender differences in early childhood - C) Adherence to societal gender norms - D) Acceptance of changing gender roles 3. **What defines "neuroplasticity" in the context of brain development?** - A) The brain's rigidity in adolescence - B ) The brain's ability to rewire and adapt across the lifespan - C) The stabilization of synaptic connections in adulthood - D) The decline in cognitive abilities with age ### Scenario-based Questions: 4. **A child, when presented with a mirror and a dot on their forehead, shows no response to the dot. This scenario aligns most closely with which psychological concept?** - A) Scaffolding in Vygotsky's theory - B) Theory of mind in Piaget's stages - C ) Self-awareness and the dot test in developmental psychology - D) Attachment styles according to Ainsworth's research 5. **During adolescence, increased risk-taking behaviors often occur due to:** - A) Enhanced cognitive control - B) Fully developed prefrontal cortex - C ) Heightened reward sensitivity before the full development of cognitive control - D) Decreased dopamine levels in the brain 1. **During a study session, a psychology student discusses how children go through distinct cognitive stages in their development with another student. Which psychologist's theory are they most likely referring to?** - A) Erik Erikson - B) William James - C ) Jean Piaget - D) Sigmund Freud 2. **In a developmental psychology experiment, infants are shown a toy repeatedly until they lose interest, then a new toy is introduced. This experiment primarily aims to explore:** - A) Sensorimotor development - B ) Habituation and dishabituation - C) Theory of mind in infants - D) Erikson's psychosocial stages

3. **A group of adolescents is part of a research study investigating moral reasoning. They're presented with ethical dilemmas and asked to evaluate the situations based on broad principles. This aligns most closely with the theories proposed by:** - A) Carl Jung - B ) Lawrence Kohlberg - C) Lev Vygotsky - D) Anna Freud 1. **In a preschool classroom, a teacher introduces a "dot test" to assess the children's self- awareness. Which of the following ages is most likely to not recognize themselves in the mirror? ** - A) 2 years old - B) 4 years old - C ) 6 years old - D) 8 years old 2. **During a study on attachment styles in infants, a researcher observes a child being distressed when separated from their caregiver. Upon their return, the child shows mixed responses by approaching the caregiver but then pushing them away. This behavior aligns most closely with:** - A) Secure attachment - B) Insecure/avoidant attachment - C ) Insecure/ambivalent attachment - D) Disorganized attachment 3. **A group of adolescents participates in a test measuring their neural development. They show a significant increase in reward sensitivity and heightened emotional responses. This aligns most closely with the theory proposed by:** - A) Erik Erikson - B) Jean Piaget - C) Lawrence Kohlberg - D ) The dual-systems theory 1. **During a study on gender schema development, a child is observed describing a doll as a "toy for girls" and a truck as a "toy for boys." This behavior best illustrates:** - A) Egocentrism - B) Gender constancy - C ) Gender socialization - D) Dual-role development

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2. **In an experiment assessing moral reasoning in adolescents, a participant argues that stealing medication to save a loved one's life is justified, regardless of the law. This response aligns most closely with which stage of moral reasoning, according to Kohlberg's theory?** - A) Preconventional stage - B) Conventional stage - C ) Postconventional stage - D) Dual-role stage 3. **A group of researchers conducted a test to measure cognitive development in children. They found that most children aged 4-6 lacked the ability to understand that quantity remains the same despite changes in shape. This inability to understand conservation aligns most closely with Piaget's stage of:** - A) Sensorimotor stage - B ) Preoperational stage - C) Concrete operational stage - D) Formal operational stage 1. **Developmental Psychology:** A researcher conducts a study tracking the same group of individuals at different time points, observing changes in behavior and cognition. Which study design is being used? - A) Cross-sectional study - B ) Longitudinal study - C) Sequential study - D) Retrospective study 2. **Attachment Styles:** A child is observed to be indifferent when a caregiver is present and continues playing when the caregiver leaves. Which attachment style is being displayed? - A) Secure attachment - B ) Insecure-avoidant attachment - C) Insecure-ambivalent attachment - D) Disorganized attachment 3. **Cognitive Development:** A child believes that a tall glass contains more liquid than a short, wide glass, despite containing the same amount of liquid. This child has not yet developed: - A ) Conservation - B) Object permanence - C) Theory of mind - D) Symbolic representation 4. **Adolescent Brain Development:** Which neurological change occurs during adolescence?

- A) Increased prefrontal cortex development - B) Decreased synaptic pruning - C ) Dampened reward sensitivity - D) Reduced myelination 5. **Moral Development:** According to Kohlberg's theory, a person who determines morality based on self-interest and avoiding punishment is in the: - A ) Pre-conventional stage - B) Conventional stage - C) Post-conventional stage - D) Pre-moral stage 6. **Psychodynamic Theory (Freud):** A child exhibits a sudden burst of anger after being denied a toy. According to Freud's theory, which part of the child's psyche might be causing this reaction? - A) Ego - B ) Id - C) Superego - D) Preconscious 7. **Late Adulthood & Cognitive Abilities:** Which statement accurately reflects late adulthood? - A) Older adults experience a significant decrease in cognitive control - B) Fluid intelligence tends to decline steadily in late adulthood - C) Factors like genetics and physical exercise have little impact on mental functioning in older adults - D ) Older adults show a decreased orientation toward seeking positive stimuli 8. **Social and Emotional Development:** What type of development is typically associated with Erik Erikson's stage of "integrity vs. despair"? - A) Early adulthood - B) Middle age - C ) Later years - D) Adolescence 9. **Ecological Systems Theory (Bronfenbrenner):** The cultural factors and prevailing attitudes fall under which level of influence, according to Bronfenbrenner's ecological systems? - A) Microsystem - B) Exosystem - C ) Macrosystem - D) Chronosystem

10. **Prenatal Development:** The embryonic stage of prenatal development involves: - A) Weeks 1-2 - B ) Weeks 3-8 - C) Weeks 9 to birth - D) Birth onwards 1. **Scenario - Attachment Styles:** Emma, a toddler, becomes highly distressed when her mother leaves the room. When her mother returns, Emma continues to cry, but she also pushes her away when her mother tries to console her. What attachment style is Emma displaying? - A ) Ambivalent - B) Secure - C) Avoidant - D) Disorganized 2. **Scenario - Piaget's Stage of Cognitive Development:** Brian, a 5-year-old, plays with building blocks. He can tell you that if he stacks five blocks in one way, it's the same number as when he spreads them out in a line. What stage of cognitive development is Brian likely in according to Piaget? - A) Sensorimotor stage - B ) Preoperational stage - C) Concrete operational stage - D) Formal operational stage 3. **Scenario - Cognitive Development and Theory of Mind:** At a birthday party, Sarah sees her friend Kate open a box expecting a toy but finds pencils instead. Knowing what Kate expected, Sarah tells her that there are pencils inside. This situation reflects the development of which concept? - A ) Theory of mind (false belief) - B) Object permanence - C) Egocentrism - D) Operations 4. **Scenario - Adolescent Brain Development:** Daniel, a 14-year-old, often engages in impulsive behaviors, seeking thrills and excitement without considering the consequences. What aspect of brain development might explain his behavior? - A) Continued myelination - B) Dampened reward sensitivity - C ) Frontal lobe development - D) Increases in cognitive control

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5. **Scenario - Moral Development:** At a school playground, Joe follows the rules because he fears getting punished by his teacher if he doesn't. According to Kohlberg's stages of moral development, what stage is Joe likely in? - A ) Pre-conventional stage - B) Conventional stage - C) Post-conventional stage - D) Abstract moral reasoning stage 1. Which developmental theory emphasizes distinct stages and abrupt qualitative changes in cognitive development? a. Erikson's Psychosocial Theory b. Vygotsky's Sociocultural Theory c . Piaget's Theory of Cognitive Development d. Kohlberg's Stages of Moral Development 2. What characterizes Mary Ainsworth's "Secure Attachment" in the Strange Situation experiment? a. Child is distant/aloof when the caregiver is present b . Child cries when caregiver leaves but easily soothes upon their return c. Child is unsure of what to do when caregiver leaves d. Child is upset when the caregiver leaves and inconsolable upon return 3. According to the Dual-Systems Theory, what distinguishes adolescent behavior? a. Higher cognitive control than reward sensitivity b. More balanced reward processing and cognitive control systems c . Intensified reward processing compared to cognitive control d. Adolescents are less sensitive to rewards than other age groups 4. What cognitive milestone does the concrete operational stage (Piaget's theory) mark? a. Development of Theory of Mind b. Mastering object permanence c . Manipulating schemas known as operations. d. Understanding false beliefs. 5. Which parenting style involves high demands, low warmth, and limited support to children? a. Authoritative b . Authoritarian c. Permissive d. Disengaged 6. At what stage do children begin to think more symbolically and engage in pretend play? a. Sensorimotor stage b . Preoperational stage

c. Concrete operational stage d. Formal operational stage 7. During which developmental period does the prefrontal cortex not fully develop, impacting rationality and impulse control? a. Infancy b . Adolescence c. Early childhood d. Middle adulthood 1. **Scenario**: During a study on infant reflexes, researchers observed a group of infants exhibiting automatic motor responses triggered by sensory stimulation. The study aimed to understand habituation and dishabituation through sucking reflexes. Which developmental concept does this scenario primarily focus on? **Question**: This study primarily addresses which aspect of infant development? a. Cognitive milestones b . Motor development c. Emotional regulation d. Social referencing 2. **Scenario**: A group of children aged 8 to 10 were given a test involving the "Dot Test" where a colored dot was placed on their nose and they were shown a mirror. Most of the children readily identified themselves in the mirror with the dot on their nose. Which cognitive developmental stage does this scenario illustrate? **Question**: The successful identification of themselves in the mirror test indicates that these children are likely in which cognitive developmental stage according to Piaget's theory? a. Sensorimotor stage b. Preoperational stage c . Concrete operational stage d. Formal operational stage 3. **Scenario**: Sarah, a 14-year-old, often finds herself at odds with her parents. She understands their rules but frequently seeks independence. Her parents maintain high expectations but also offer warmth and support. Despite occasional disagreements, Sarah feels secure and valued within her family. **Question**: Which parenting style best describes Sarah's parents based on the scenario? a . Authoritative

b. Authoritarian c. Permissive d. Disengaged 4. **Scenario**: A group of adolescents took part in a study focusing on cognitive and emotional development. The researchers found that these adolescents tended to make decisions driven by heightened reward sensitivity rather than cognitive control. **Question**: What theory or concept does this scenario most likely support in explaining the behavior of these adolescents? a . Dual-Systems Theory b. Piaget's Theory of Cognitive Development c. Kohlberg's Stages of Moral Development d. Attachment Theory 5. **Scenario**: Sarah, a 6-year-old, is observed while playing with her peers. She struggles to understand that her friend might have different thoughts about a game they are playing and often insists on her own ideas. **Question**: Which cognitive capacity is Sarah yet to fully develop, according to the theory associated with understanding others' thoughts and beliefs? a. Object permanence b. Conservation c . Theory of Mind d. Egocentrism 6. **Scenario**: Jason, a 12-year-old, often engages in risk-taking behaviors, influenced by his peer group's choices. Despite knowing the potential consequences, he tends to prioritize immediate rewards over long-term implications. **Question**: Which developmental theory provides insights into Jason's behavior by emphasizing a mismatch between reward processing and cognitive control systems? a. Piaget's Theory of Cognitive Development b . Dual-Systems Theory c. Erikson's Psychosocial Development d. Attachment Theory 7. **Scenario**: A study observes how children develop their sense of self based on the groups they belong to, such as identifying as part of a sports team or a music club.

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**Question**: Which aspect of identity development does this scenario primarily illustrate? a. Social clock b . Social identity c. Erikson's stages of development d. Peer influence 8. **Scenario**: Emma, a 16-year-old, frequently gets into arguments with her parents about her preferences in music and clothing. She often seeks approval from her peers for her choices in these aspects. **Question**: Which developmental concept does this scenario best exemplify regarding Emma's behavior? a. Scaffolding b. Gender socialization c . Social referencing d. Identity foreclosure 9. **Scenario**: Mark, a 14-year-old, finds it difficult to understand why his younger brother doesn't comprehend certain concepts as easily as he does. Mark often gets frustrated when his brother fails to understand things that seem obvious to him. **Question**: Which cognitive limitation does Mark exhibit, reflecting the inability to consider another person's perspective, according to Piaget's stages? a. Object permanence b . Egocentrism c. Theory of Mind d. Conservation 10. **Scenario**: Lisa, a 9-year-old, becomes distressed when her parents leave for a short trip. She clings to them before their departure and is visibly relieved upon their return. **Question**: Which attachment style, as identified by Mary Ainsworth's Strange Situation, does Lisa primarily exhibit? a . Secure attachment b. Insecure/avoidant attachment c. Insecure/ambivalent attachment d. Disorganized attachment

11. **Scenario**: Sarah, a 16-year-old, often finds herself making decisions based on moral principles and personal beliefs rather than societal norms or expectations. She often contemplates the consequences of her actions on others before making a choice. **Question**: Which stage of moral reasoning, according to Kohlberg's theory, best aligns with Sarah's decision-making process? a. Pre-conventional b. Conventional c . Post-conventional d. Unconventional 12. **Scenario**: Jake, a 17-year-old, frequently seeks advice from his close friends before making decisions about his hobbies, interests, and future career aspirations. He strongly considers their opinions while making these choices. **Question**: Which developmental concept primarily influences Jake's reliance on his peer group for decision-making? a. Identity foreclosure b. Egocentrism c. Identity diffusion d . Peer influence 13. **Scenario**: Ava, a 14-year-old, often finds herself torn between fulfilling her familial obligations and seeking personal autonomy. She wants to maintain a balance between adhering to her parents' expectations and establishing her independence. **Question**: Which stage of Erikson's psychosocial development best describes Ava's current conflict? a. Initiative vs. Guilt b. Industry vs. Inferiority c . Identity vs. Role Confusion d. Autonomy vs. Shame and Doubt 14. **Scenario**: Max, a 13-year-old, engages in various pretend plays and imaginative activities, often transforming everyday objects into different scenarios or personas. **Question**: Which stage of Piaget's cognitive development is Max most likely demonstrating through his imaginative play? a. Sensorimotor stage b. Preoperational stage

c. Concrete operational stage d. Formal operational stage 15. **Scenario**: Emily, a 10-year-old, realizes that her classmates may have different thoughts or beliefs about a situation, even if those beliefs are untrue. She understands that perceptions can differ from reality. **Question**: Which aspect of cognitive development, concerning understanding others' beliefs, does Emily display according to the theory of mind? a. Object permanence b. Egocentrism c. Conservation d . False belief understanding 16. **Scenario**: Ethan, a 19-year-old, consistently struggles to regulate his emotions and control impulsive behaviors, often making decisions without considering the consequences. He frequently seeks immediate rewards and gratification, sometimes leading to risky behaviors. **Question**: Which theoretical framework best explains Ethan's struggle with balancing impulse control and decision-making during this developmental stage? a. Social Learning Theory b. Psychosocial Development Theory c . Dual-Systems Theory d. Socioemotional Selectivity Theory 17. **Scenario**: Mia, a 12-year-old, has recently started understanding abstract concepts and has shown an interest in debating philosophical ideas. She's begun contemplating her future career paths, considering a profession that involves complex problem-solving and critical thinking. **Question**: According to Piaget's stages of cognitive development, which stage is Mia most likely transitioning into based on her newfound interest in abstract thinking? a. Preoperational stage b. Concrete operational stage c. Sensorimotor stage d. Formal operational stage 18. **Scenario**: Lucas, a 15-year-old, tends to challenge authority figures and established norms within his school and community. He frequently questions rules and regulations, aiming to understand the underlying reasons behind them.

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**Question**: Which aspect of identity formation, according to Erikson's theory, is Lucas primarily exploring during this phase of his development? a. Industry vs. Inferiority b . Identity vs. Role Confusion c. Generativity vs. Stagnation d. Integrity vs. Despair 19. **Scenario**: Aiden, a 17-year-old, often feels pressured to conform to societal expectations related to his gender identity. He's conflicted between conforming to traditional gender roles and expressing his genuine preferences and interests. **Question**: Which term best describes Aiden's struggle to align with societal gender norms and express his individual identity? a . Gender intensification b. Gender socialization c. Gender bias d. Gender neutrality 20. **Scenario**: Sarah, an 18-year-old, is actively involved in volunteering for community service, aiming to make a meaningful impact on societal issues. She feels a strong sense of responsibility toward helping those in need and dedicates her time to various charitable causes. **Question**: Which concept from Erikson's theory of psychosocial development is Sarah most likely embodying during this phase of her life? a. Industry vs. Inferiority b. Identity vs. Role Confusion c. Generativity vs. Stagnation d. Integrity vs. Despair

final P11B exam questions

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