PSYCHOLOGY

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Psychology & Criminal Behaviour (PSY005-1) Case Study 1 PSYCHOLOGY & CRIMINAL BEHAVIOUR (PSY005-1) CASE STUDY By (name) The Name of the Class (Course) Professor (Tutor) The Name of the School (University) The City and State where it is located The Date

Psychology & Criminal Behaviour (PSY005-1) Case Study 2 Psychology & Criminal Behaviour (PSY005-1) Case Study Introduction When a clinician is tasked with conducting a legal assessment of mental incapacity, defining mental disease or defect becomes challenging due to the dual necessity of aligning the concept with medical criteria for a mental disorder and incorporating legal principles of responsibility and culpability. Black’s Law Dictionary defines legal insanity as "Any mental disorder severe enough that it prevents a person from having legal capacity and excuses the person from criminal or civil responsibility" (Ref. 1, p 810). However, determining the threshold of mental illness poses a significant question. Different legal jurisdictions address this query in varying ways. Within the courtroom, a spectrum of diagnostic categories or explanations may be presented, some of which psychiatrists might not categorize as severe mental disorders, yet certain experts argue that they nullify or diminish criminal responsibility according to Ghiasi (2023) John Johnson's case is a multifaceted illustration of the intricate interplay between mental health, substance misuse, and criminal conduct. Aged 35, he currently resides at ABC Hospital under a Section 37/41 (Mental Health Act, 1983), having been convicted of Manslaughter in 2017. His narrative unfolds against a backdrop of violent offenses, substance misuse, and a turbulent upbringing characterized by familial discord and psychiatric challenges. Mr. Johnson's trajectory is emblematic of the challenges inherent in addressing mental health within the criminal justice system. Within the nuanced context of John Johnson's case, this assignment contends that a thorough examination of substance misuse, factors influencing juvenile criminal behavior, and the prevalence of psychoses and personality disorders is crucial for informing effective interventions and policies within the criminal justice system. This assignment aims to

Psychology & Criminal Behaviour (PSY005-1) Case Study 3 comprehensively analyze John Johnson's case, exploring the intricate intersections of mental health, substance misuse, and criminal behavior. By addressing three key questions, it seeks to unravel broader implications for understanding and managing similar cases in the criminal justice system. Questions to be addressed Role of Substance Misuse: Delve into the influence of substance misuse on Mr. Johnson's history of offending and his present management, contextualized within the broader prevalence of such issues in the UK Criminal Justice System. Factors in Juvenile Criminal Behavior: Scrutinize longitudinal cohort evidence to discern key factors linked to criminal behavior in juveniles, drawing parallels to Mr. Johnson's experiences. Psychoses and Personality Disorders: Investigate the prevalence of psychoses and personality disorders among individuals in the UK Criminal Justice System, while evaluating their significance in Mr. Johnson's index offense and ongoing management. Substance Misuse in Mr. Johnson's Offending History John Johnson's criminal history is intricately entwined with a persistent pattern of substance misuse, casting a profound impact on the nature and escalation of his offenses. At the core of this interplay is the index offense, the Manslaughter committed in 2017, which unfolded against a backdrop of substance-fueled volatility. The case study reveals that on the night of the Manslaughter, Mr. Johnson, alongside acquaintances, engaged in a cocktail of cocaine, cannabis, and alcohol at his father's property. The lethal consequences of the evening manifested in a

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Psychology & Criminal Behaviour (PSY005-1) Case Study 4 violent assault on an acquaintance following a dispute over money owed for drugs. The nexus between substance use and aggressive behavior is stark, painting a vivid picture of how Mr. Johnson's actions were significantly influenced by the intoxicating cocktail that permeated the fateful night. Moving beyond the index offense, Mr. Johnson's extensive criminal record further illuminates the pervasive role of substance misuse in shaping his offending history. Offenses against the person, including threats to kill, affray, battery, and common assault, are recurrent themes. Public disorder offenses and drug-related charges punctuate his criminal narrative, highlighting a consistent pattern where substance misuse is a common denominator across multiple transgressions. The early onset of Mr. Johnson into substance use intensifies the complexity of his case. Initiated into cannabis at the tender age of 12, he swiftly escalated to daily use by the age of 13. The case study portrays a troubled adolescence marked by illicit substance involvement and a descent into dealing cannabis. This precocious initiation into substance use underscores the intricate relationship between environmental factors, familial dynamics, and Mr. Johnson's vulnerability to substance misuse. Within the hospital setting, where Mr. Johnson is an inpatient at ABC Hospital, the challenges of managing his substance misuse persist. Despite the controlled environment, the case study documents instances of Mr. Johnson seeking and misusing substances. These incidents, such as the detection of illicit substances in his room and the discovery of self-brewed 'hooch,' highlight the resilience of substance-related behaviors even within highly regulated healthcare environments. These challenges emphasize the need for tailored interventions that address the multifaceted dimensions of substance misuse within clinical settings.

Psychology & Criminal Behaviour (PSY005-1) Case Study 5 Zooming out to the broader landscape of the UK Criminal Justice System, Mr. Johnson's case aligns with the pervasive issue of substance misuse among offenders. Statistics consistently depict a substantial overlap between substance use disorders and criminality as noted by Johnson and Elbogen (2013). The government's acknowledgment of this intersection is evident in initiatives such as diversion programs and treatment options designed to tackle the root causes of offending behavior, including substance misuse. A substantial proportion of individuals entering the criminal justice system grapple with substance-related concerns, amplifying the complexity of their cases. Peacock et al. (2018) claims that, Initiatives such as diversion programs and treatment options have been instituted to address the root causes of offending, recognizing substance misuse as a crucial factor requiring targeted intervention. The prevalence of substance misuse extends beyond individual cases like Mr. Johnson's, permeating the very fabric of the criminal justice landscape. The systemic nature of this issue demands a comprehensive and nuanced response, incorporating preventative measures, rehabilitative programs, and a recalibration of policies to address the intricate interplay between substance misuse and criminality. Acknowledging this prevalence is imperative for shaping effective and compassionate strategies that holistically address the challenges posed by substance misuse within the UK Criminal Justice System. Substance misuse stands as a foundational element in understanding Mr. Johnson's offending history. From the index offense to the broader spectrum of his criminal record, the intricate dance between substance use and criminal behavior is unmistakable according to Tyler et al. (2019). This analysis not only underscores the need for targeted interventions at both individual and systemic levels but also emphasizes the urgency of recognizing substance misuse

Psychology & Criminal Behaviour (PSY005-1) Case Study 6 as a complex and enduring challenge within the realms of both clinical and criminal justice domains. Factors Associated with Criminal Behaviour in Juveniles A comprehensive exploration of Mr. Johnson's case necessitates an examination of key factors associated with criminal behavior in juveniles, drawing insights from longitudinal cohort evidence. Identifying these factors offers a lens through which to analyze Mr. Johnson's trajectory, shedding light on the influences that shaped his early experiences with the criminal justice system. Longitudinal cohort evidence underscores several salient factors contributing to criminal behavior in juveniles. Among these, according to the study by (Chaplin et al. , 2014), a tumultuous family environment, early exposure to substance misuse, and a history of childhood trauma emerge as pivotal determinants. These factors create a breeding ground for antisocial conduct, influencing individuals during their formative years and potentially laying the groundwork for persistent criminality. Applying these factors to Mr. Johnson's case reveals striking parallels. His early life was marked by familial discord, witnessing domestic violence and experiencing physical abuse from his father. Taylor et al. (2016) indicates that, separation of his parents when he was 12 introduced instability, while his mother's struggle to manage his behavior led to feelings of rejection. Early initiation into substance misuse further aligns with the identified factors, indicating a convergence of adverse circumstances that contributed to the development of his criminal tendencies (Taylor et al. , 2016).

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Psychology & Criminal Behaviour (PSY005-1) Case Study 7 The trajectory from juvenile offending to persistent criminal behavior is a well- documented phenomenon. Mr. Johnson's expulsion from school at the age of 17, fueled by verbal aggression towards a teacher, exemplifies early signs of deviant conduct as indicated in Hirschfield (2018) study. His subsequent involvement in criminal activities, including petty crimes and drunk and disorderly behavior, aligns with the longitudinal evidence emphasizing the predictive power of early delinquency in determining long-term criminal outcomes (Hirschfield, 2018). Moreover, Mr. Johnson's interactions with the criminal justice system from a young age, as documented in his PNC record, corroborate the impact of these identified factors (Kane et al. , 2020). The blend of acquisitive and violent offenses suggests a trajectory influenced by a complex interplay of environmental, familial, and personal factors (Kane et al. , 2020). It is crucial to recognize that the convergence of these elements is not deterministic but indicative of heightened vulnerability, warranting targeted interventions and rehabilitative measures. The significance of understanding these factors extends beyond retrospective analysis; it informs prospective strategies for intervention and prevention. Early identification of at-risk juveniles, coupled with tailored interventions addressing familial instability, substance misuse, and trauma, becomes imperative Ogloff et al. (2007). The longitudinal evidence underscores the malleability of these trajectories, providing a window of opportunity for targeted interventions to mitigate the risk of persistent criminality. The exploration of factors associated with criminal behavior in juveniles offers valuable insights into Mr. Johnson's early experiences and subsequent interactions with the criminal justice system. Ogloff et al. (2007) The identified factors, when applied to his case, unveil a narrative marked by familial discord, early exposure to substance misuse, and a trajectory from juvenile delinquency to persistent offending.

Psychology & Criminal Behaviour (PSY005-1) Case Study 8 Psychoses and Personality Disorders in the Criminal Justice System Commonality of Psychoses and Personality Disorders The correlation between psychiatric disorders and criminal behavior has been a subject of intense debate and scrutiny, particularly in the wake of numerous mass shootings according to Schultze‐Lutter, Nenadić and Grant (2019). While the increased attention on mental health in the aftermath of such tragedies is a positive development, there is a tendency to oversimplify the relationship between mental illness and criminality. Schultze‐Lutter, Nenadić and Grant (2019) also notes that, A prevailing notion suggests that individuals with mental disorders are more inclined to engage in violent and aggressive acts. This impression, which is sometimes reinforced by media representations of criminals as "crazy" people, leads to the widespread belief that mental patients are inherently dangerous. However, a considerable amount of research contradicts this idea, suggesting that people with mental illnesses are more likely to be victims than perpetrators of violent crimes. Slotema et al. (2018) point that that this prejudice extends to the criminal court system, where people suffering from mental illnesses are typically viewed as criminals. In comparison to the average population, they face arrest, charges, and higher jail sentences. Despite the good movement in acknowledging the significance of mental health, it is critical to avoid oversimplification and mischaracterization of the link between mental illness and criminal conduct. A study by (Rebbapragada, Furtado and Hawker-Bond, 2021), indicates that Within the realm of the UK Criminal Justice System, the prevalence of psychoses and personality disorders among offenders is a complex and multifaceted phenomenon. Research indicates that a notable proportion of individuals within the system grapple with mental health challenges, with

Psychology & Criminal Behaviour (PSY005-1) Case Study 9 psychoses and personality disorders emerging as recurrent themes (Rebbapragada, Furtado and Hawker-Bond, 2021). The intersection between mental health and criminality underscores the need for a nuanced understanding of the complexities that underlie offending behavior. Nichita and Buckley (2020) states that, Psychoses, such as Paranoid Schizophrenia, and personality disorders, including Antisocial Personality Disorder and Bipolar Personality Disorder, are prevalent among individuals in contact with the criminal justice system. The co- occurrence of these mental health conditions contributes to the intricate tapestry of factors influencing criminal behavior (Mamidi and Gupta, 2018). Individuals with psychoses may experience distorted perceptions of reality, impacting their ability to conform to social norms and navigate interpersonal dynamics. Personality disorders, characterized by enduring patterns of maladaptive behavior, pose challenges to emotional regulation and impulse control (Mamidi and Gupta, 2018). The criminal justice system's response to offenders with psychoses and personality disorders involves a delicate balancing act between punishment and therapeutic intervention. While punitive measures may address the immediate consequences of criminal actions, a more holistic approach acknowledges the underlying mental health factors that contribute to offending behavior. Treatment modalities within the criminal justice system aim to address both the mental health needs of individuals and the societal imperative for public safety. Relevance to Mr. Johnson's Case In the case of Mr. Johnson, the co-occurrence of Paranoid Schizophrenia, Bipolar Personality Disorder, and Antisocial Personality Disorder adds layers of complexity to his criminal history. The relevance of these diagnoses to his index offense lies in the intertwining dynamics of mental health challenges and substance misuse. Mr. Johnson's reported experiences

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Psychology & Criminal Behaviour (PSY005-1) Case Study 10 of auditory hallucinations and delusional ideation during the index offense align with the diagnostic criteria for Paranoid Schizophrenia. These symptoms, coupled with a history of substance misuse, contribute to a nuanced understanding of the factors that precipitated the violent incident. Furthermore, the diagnosis of Antisocial Personality Disorder sheds light on Mr. Johnson's persistent engagement in criminal activities, reflected in his extensive offending history. The marked proneness to blame others, a disregard for social norms, and a low threshold for aggression, as outlined in the diagnosis, align with observed behaviors and attitudes documented in the case study. The coexistence of Bipolar Personality Disorder further complicates the clinical picture, emphasizing the need for a tailored and comprehensive approach to Mr. Johnson's ongoing management within the forensic psychiatric setting. The commonality of psychoses and personality disorders within the criminal justice system underscores the need for integrated approaches that address both mental health and criminality. In Mr. Johnson's case, these diagnoses provide crucial insights into the factors influencing his index offense and ongoing management, emphasizing the imperative for a nuanced understanding and targeted interventions that consider the interplay of mental health, personality, and criminal behavior. Conclusion In unraveling the complexities of John Johnson's case, key findings underscore the intricate interplay of psychological factors in shaping his criminal trajectory. Substance misuse emerges as a pervasive catalyst, weaving its influence from the index offense to the broader canvas of Mr. Johnson's extensive criminal history. The prevalence of substance misuse within the UK Criminal Justice System, mirrored in his case, necessitates targeted interventions that

Psychology & Criminal Behaviour (PSY005-1) Case Study 11 acknowledge the multifaceted dimensions of this challenge. Exploration of factors associated with criminal behavior in juveniles unveils a tapestry of familial discord, early exposure to substance misuse, and a trajectory marked by delinquency. Longitudinal evidence provides a lens through which to analyze Mr. Johnson's early encounters with the criminal justice system, offering insights into the predictive power of early deviant behavior. Looking into psychoses and personality disorders within the criminal justice system reveals their commonality and the nuanced relevance to Mr. Johnson's case. Paranoid Schizophrenia, Bipolar Personality Disorder, and Antisocial Personality Disorder intertwine with substance misuse, shaping the contours of his index offense and ongoing management. The importance of understanding psychological aspects in criminal behavior reverberates throughout this analysis. Mr. Johnson's case illuminates the imperative for holistic interventions that address the intricate intersections of substance misuse, early-life adversities, and mental health challenges. This exploration not only enriches our comprehension of individual cases but also underscores the broader significance of integrating psychological perspectives into the realms of criminal justice and mental health. In navigating the complexities of offenders' experiences, a nuanced understanding becomes the cornerstone for informed and compassionate interventions, steering towards a more effective and equitable criminal justice system.

Psychology & Criminal Behaviour (PSY005-1) Case Study 12 References Chaplin, E. et al. (2014) 'Does substance use predict contact with the criminal justice system for people with intellectual disabilities?,' Journal of Intellectual Disabilities and Offending Behaviour , 5(3), pp. 147–153. https://doi.org/10.1108/jidob-05-2014-0007. Ghiasi, N. (2023) Psychiatric illness and criminality . https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK537064/#:~:text=Certain%20psychiatric %20conditions%20do%20increase,or%20have%20long%2Dstanding%20paranoia. Hirschfield, P. (2018) 'Schools and crime,' Annual Review of Criminology , 1(1), pp. 149–169. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-criminol-032317-092358. Johnson, S.C. and Elbogen, E.B. (2013) 'Personality disorders at the interface of psychiatry and the law: legal use and clinical classification,' Dialogues in Clinical Neuroscience , 15(2), pp. 203–211. https://doi.org/10.31887/dcns.2013.15.2/sjohnson.

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Psychology & Criminal Behaviour (PSY005-1) Case Study 13 Kane, E. et al. (2020) 'Are Liaison and Diversion interventions in policing delivering the planned impact: A longitudinal evaluation in two constabularies?,' Criminal Behaviour and Mental Health , 30(5), pp. 256–267. https://doi.org/10.1002/cbm.2166. Mamidi, P. and Gupta, K. (2018) 'Rakshasa grahonmada: Antisocial personality disorder with psychotic mania?,' International Journal of Yoga - Philosophy, Psychology and Parapsychology , 6(1), p. 24. https://doi.org/10.4103/ijny.ijoyppp_12_17. Nichita, E.C. and Buckley, P.F. (2020) 'Comorbidities of Antisocial Personality Disorder,' Article , pp. 645–670. https://doi.org/10.1002/9781119159322.ch28. Ogloff, J.R.P. et al. (2007) The identification of mental disorders in the criminal justice system . Peacock, A. et al. (2018) 'Global statistics on alcohol, tobacco and illicit drug use: 2017 status report,' Addiction , 113(10), pp. 1905–1926. https://doi.org/10.1111/add.14234. Rebbapragada, N., Furtado, V. and Hawker-Bond, G.W. (2021) 'Prevalence of mental disorders in prisons in the UK: a systematic review and meta-analysis,' British Journal of Psychiatry Open , 7(S1), pp. S283–S284. https://doi.org/10.1192/bjo.2021.755. Schultze‐Lutter, F., Nenadić, I. and Grant, P. (2019) 'Psychosis and Schizophrenia-Spectrum personality disorders require early detection on different symptom dimensions,' Frontiers in Psychiatry , 10. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyt.2019.00476. Slotema, C.W. et al. (2018) 'Comorbid Diagnosis of Psychotic Disorders in Borderline Personality Disorder: Prevalence and Influence on outcome,' Frontiers in Psychiatry , 9. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyt.2018.00084. Taylor, M.F. et al. (2016) 'Substance Misuse–Related Parental Child Maltreatment,' Journal of Drug Issues , 47(2), pp. 241–260. https://doi.org/10.1177/0022042616683670.

Psychology & Criminal Behaviour (PSY005-1) Case Study 14 Tyler, N. et al. (2019) 'An updated picture of the mental health needs of male and female prisoners in the UK: prevalence, comorbidity, and gender differences,' Social Psychiatry and Psychiatric Epidemiology , 54(9), pp. 1143–1152. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00127- 019-01690-1.

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