Classic

docx

School

The University of Nairobi *

*We aren’t endorsed by this school

Course

FINANCIAL

Subject

Psychology

Date

Nov 24, 2024

Type

docx

Pages

Uploaded by BarristerFireGoldfish19

1 Classic, Retrograde, and Volume Neurotransmission. Name Institution Course Professor Date

2 Compare and Contrast Classic, Retrograde, and Volume Neurotransmission Classic Neurotransmission: Classical neurotransmission begins with an electrical pathway in which neurons fire off electrical impulses down their axons and onto neighbouring cells. However, these electrical impulses do not travel over space and time to reach other neurons (Sarmiento & Lau., 2020). One neuron in a chain of neurons will fire a chemical message, or neurotransmitter, to the receptors of the neurons down the line. This often but not always takes place at the locations of synaptic connections. Retrograde neurotransmission: Retrograde neurotransmission involves two-way communication between neurons across a synapse. To do this, information is sent backwards from the second neuron at the synapse to the first neuron. The postsynaptic neuron produces chemicals called endocannabinoids (endogenous marijuana) that act uniquely as retrograde neurotransmitters at many synapses. They are subsequently released and diffuse to presynaptic cannabinoid receptors. According to Guha (2014), Nitric oxide (NO) is another retrograde neurotransmitter that is produced post-synaptically and diffuses from the postsynaptic to the presynaptic membrane, where it interacts with cyclic guanosine monophosphate (cGMP)- sensitive targets (Stahl., 2021). Postsynaptic sites release neurotrophic factors like nerve growth factor (NGF) that diffuse to presynaptic neurons, where they are taken up into vesicles and transported back to the cell nucleus via retrograde transport systems, where they mix with the genome. Volume neurotransmission : Not all forms of neurotransmission need a synapse. Volume neurotransmission is one of them. This kind of neurotransmission is also known as non-synaptic diffusion

3 neurotransmission. Neurons communicate with one another via the release of chemical messengers, and these chemicals may diffuse to distant locations beyond the synapse. This means that the neurotransmitter may interact with any well-matched receptor within its diffusion radius (American Psychiatric association., 2013). This idea is a part of neuronal coordination that is chemically handled, and neurotransmission is occurring in these chemical bursts right now. Intervening events of medications that act at various neurotransmitter receptors is largely dependent on the chemically addressed nervous system. One plausible mechanism by which many psychotropic medicines function in the brain is by altering the volume of neurotransmission. Differentiate the signal transduction cascades and describe the role of the first messenger, second messenger, third messenger, and fourth messenger/gene expression. In the process of classic neurotransmission, the first messenger is the neurotransmitter itself. Upon binding to its receptor on the postsynaptic neuron, the neurotransmitter initiates a sequence of actions referred to as the signal transduction cascade. This sequence usually involves the stimulation of secondary messengers, such as cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP) or inositol trisphosphate (IP3) (Walters). Subsequently, these second messengers stimulate other signalling molecules farther down the line, resulting in changes in the electrical characteristics or gene expression of the postsynaptic neuron. Retrograde neurotransmission involves the release of a retrograde neurotransmitter from the postsynaptic neuron, which acts as the initial messenger. The retrograde neurotransmitter has the ability to attach itself to receptors located on the presynaptic neuron, so beginning a cascade of signal transduction. The selection of second messengers and downstream signalling molecules engaged in retrograde neurotransmission is contingent upon the particular neurotransmitter and receptor

Your preview ends here

Eager to read complete document? Join bartleby learn and gain access to the full version

Access to all documents
Unlimited textbook solutions
24/7 expert homework help

4 at play. During volume neurotransmission, the first messenger is simultaneously the neurotransmitter that is discharged into the extracellular space (Sadock et al., 2017). Nevertheless, with this method of transmission, the neurotransmitter has the ability to disperse over greater distances and interact with receptors that are situated at a greater distance from the point of release. Volume neurotransmission may include a wide variety of second messengers and downstream signalling molecules, some of which are very context-dependent. There is a lack of general use of the term "third messenger" when discussing neurotransmission. The first and second messenger may activate more downstream molecules, which in turn further disseminate the signal (Stahl.). However, certain signalling cascades might contain numerous layers of signalling molecules. The final result of the signal transduction cascade is referred to as the fourth messenger/gene expression. Activation of some signalling pathways may cause shifts in gene expression, which in turn can lead to the production of novel proteins that might affect the neuron's characteristics or long-term function. In conclusion, Neurotransmitters are diffused through the extracellular space in volume neurotransmission. Besides, classic neurotransmission involves the release of neurotransmitters from presynaptic neurons while retrograde neurotransmission involves the release of neurotransmitters from postsynaptic neurons to presynaptic neurons. Classic neurotransmission involves the release of neurotransmitters from postsynaptic neurons. Although the specific messengers involved and the steps in the signal transduction cascades that are activated during these forms of neurotransmission can vary, they all ultimately result in alterations to the electrical properties or gene expression of the neurons involved. Therefore, understanding how this messengers transform is critical for any medical professional who aims to administer mental treatment to patients through a psychological perspective.

5 References American Psychiatric Association (2013) Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders: DSM-5. (5th ed.). American Psychiatric Publishing. Guha, M. (2014). Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders: DSM-5. Reference Reviews , 28 (3), 36-37. Online NEI Membership Stahl: Stahl's essential psychopharmacology Sadock, B. J., Sadock, V. A., & Ruiz, P. (2017). Kaplan & Sadock’s synopsis of psychiatry. Sarmiento, C., & Lau, C. (2020). Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders: DSM‐5. The Wiley Encyclopedia of Personality and Individual Differences: Personality Processes and Individual Differences , 125-129. Stahl, S. M. (2021). Stahl's essential psychopharmacology: neuroscientific basis and practical applications . Cambridge university press. Wolters Kluwer ISBN-13: 978-1609139711 SBN-10: 16091397121

Related Documents

Overview of Phencyclidine Use Disorder.docx

Powerpoint Outline - Spring 2022.ppt

Health and family Life.docx

IMG_3662.png

6 - Copy.docx

sodapdf-converted_Page_18.jpeg

Humanistic.docx

AI in Education (2).docx

Parental Financial Stress and Its Impact on Children with Anxiety.docx

BPCG 175 July 2023-Jan 2024-Assignment-Swati.pdf

SOCW 2061 FP Song_.docx

PSYC315N Week 8 Assignment.pptx

Recommended textbooks for you

Ciccarelli: Psychology_5 (5th Edition)

Psychology

ISBN:9780134477961

Author:Saundra K. Ciccarelli, J. Noland White

Publisher:PEARSON

Cognitive Psychology

Psychology

ISBN:9781337408271

Author:Goldstein, E. Bruce.

Publisher:Cengage Learning,

Introduction to Psychology: Gateways to Mind and ...

Psychology

ISBN:9781337565691

Author:Dennis Coon, John O. Mitterer, Tanya S. Martini

Publisher:Cengage Learning

Psychology in Your Life (Second Edition)

Psychology

ISBN:9780393265156

Author:Sarah Grison, Michael Gazzaniga

Publisher:W. W. Norton & Company

Cognitive Psychology: Connecting Mind, Research a...

Psychology

ISBN:9781285763880

Author:E. Bruce Goldstein

Publisher:Cengage Learning

Theories of Personality (MindTap Course List)

Psychology

ISBN:9781305652958

Author:Duane P. Schultz, Sydney Ellen Schultz

Publisher:Cengage Learning

SEE MORE TEXTBOOKS

Recommended textbooks for you

Ciccarelli: Psychology_5 (5th Edition)
Psychology
ISBN:9780134477961
Author:Saundra K. Ciccarelli, J. Noland White
Publisher:PEARSON
Cognitive Psychology
Psychology
ISBN:9781337408271
Author:Goldstein, E. Bruce.
Publisher:Cengage Learning,
Introduction to Psychology: Gateways to Mind and ...
Psychology
ISBN:9781337565691
Author:Dennis Coon, John O. Mitterer, Tanya S. Martini
Publisher:Cengage Learning
Psychology in Your Life (Second Edition)
Psychology
ISBN:9780393265156
Author:Sarah Grison, Michael Gazzaniga
Publisher:W. W. Norton & Company
Cognitive Psychology: Connecting Mind, Research a...
Psychology
ISBN:9781285763880
Author:E. Bruce Goldstein
Publisher:Cengage Learning
Theories of Personality (MindTap Course List)
Psychology
ISBN:9781305652958
Author:Duane P. Schultz, Sydney Ellen Schultz
Publisher:Cengage Learning