research methods

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Florida Virtual School *

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101

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Psychology

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Nov 24, 2024

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Uploaded by AdmiralDiscovery6583

Experiment - is an investigation which looks to find a cause and effect relationship. Independent variable (IV) - The factor being investigated and can exist without the influence of anything else. The researcher directly manipulates this variable into different "levels" or conditions to produce the changes in the dependent variable Dependent variable (dv) - The factor being measured and is expected to change under the influence of the IV Extraneous Variables – Variables that can act in two fashions: ⛧ Randomly; affecting DV in all levels of the IV ⛧ Systematically; on one level of the IV, obscuring the effect of the IV ⛧ Participant variables – important to know about these ⛧ Also known as confounding variable Order effects – Consequences on participating in a study multiple times and cause performance changes in participants which obscure the DV. Practice effect – Occurs when participants performance improves The Fatigue Effect is when the performance worsens from completing a task multiple times. Demand Characteristics – An experiment can give away the aims and change participants behavior to match what they believe is supposed to happen. When this happens the validity of the study is reduced. The experimental design in each experiment is what determines how participants are allocated to levels of the IV. There are three signs: ⛧ Independent measures ⛧ Repeated measures ⛧ Matching pairs Independent Measures Design Use separate groups of participants for each level of IV, making each set of data obtained from them "independent" of one another or any other data obtained from the IV. Strengths ⛧ No order effects due to the use of different participants of each level. ⛧ Participants only see one level of the IV, reducing demand characteristics. ⛧ Random allocation reduced the effects of individual differences.

Weaknesses ⛧ Without Random allocation, results can be distorted very easily by individual differences between participants at different IV levels ⛧ You need more participants for this study of work. Repeated Measures Design Used to have every participant perform in every level of the IV. Strengths ⛧ Participant variables are unlikely to distort IV levels. ⛧ Counterbalancing reduces order effects ⛧ Uses fewer participants than the independent variables Weaknesses ⛧ Order effects can distort the results. ⛧ Possible greater exposure to demand characteristics Matched Pairs Design When participants are arranged into pairs based on similarities that are important to the study Members of a pair uniform on a different level of the IV. Strengths ⛧ Participants only see one level of the IV, reducing demand characteristics. ⛧ Participant variables are not likely to distort the effects of the IV. ⛧ No order affects. Weaknesses ⛧ Limited to pairs with similarities, can be hard to match participants properly ⛧ Small sample size Research method or Data Collection? Observations can be used either as a research method or as a means to collect data.

As a research method Uses only when the study solely of a means to collect data by watching participants and recording their behavior.

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